Release date: 2017-07-24

Eighteen months ago, in the bacteria in Chinese pigs, there was a gene that could develop resistance to colistin (also known as the "final antibiotic"). According to a report at the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) conference held last week in New Orleans, USA, since then, this drug-resistant gene called mcr-1 has spread around the world at an alarming rate.

In some places, nearly 100% of livestock carry mcr-1, and this gene is also present in more and more people. Lance Price, an antibiotic researcher at George Washington University in the United States, said its spread clearly demonstrates that the use of antibiotics in livestock can lead to resistance in humans.

Abuse of antibiotics in livestock may be catalyzing the development of resistant bacteria. Qilai Shen/Bloomberg/Getty

Colistin appeared around the 1950s, but it is rarely used in humans because it causes kidney disease. However, many countries use it to promote the growth of livestock – a condition that provides for the emergence of antimycobacterial bacteria. This is the problem, because in the past decade, doctors have been using colistin more and more frequently in patients who are not responsive to other antibiotics.

"This is a bad drug. I think this is a reflection of our desperation. We are very worried about losing a toxic antibiotic," Price commented.

Increasing resistance

Although the antimycopherin gene naturally evolves in bacteria, when Chinese researchers reported last year that mcr-1 was transferred from the bacterial genome to a plasmid (cyclic DNA that could be transferred between different types of bacteria), public health Experts began to worry.

There is some evidence that plasmids carrying mcr-1 have been on the farm for decades, and researchers have seen these plasmids and genes now because they are consciously looking for them. However, the frequency of their appearance seems to be increasing.

By analyzing intestinal bacteria in 8,000 human stool samples collected from Guangzhou, China over a five-year period, the researchers found mcr-1 in 497 samples. At the same time, Tian Guobao, a microbiologist at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, pointed out at the ASM conference that during this time, the mcr-1 gene became more and more popular. Tian Guobao and his colleagues found that 10% of the mcr-1 gene is present in E. coli strains, which are also resistant to other antibiotics.

According to another report published at the conference, in 2016, Tian Guobao's team discovered mcr-1 in 25% of patients in a hospital in Guangzhou. The strain of E. coli in the sample also contains a gene called blaNDM-5, which is resistant to carbapenem antibiotics (another type of ultimate antibiotic).

Although the two genes are found in different plasmids, it is common for a plasmid to carry resistance genes to multiple drugs, said Catherine Logue, a veterinary microbiologist at Iowa State University in the United States. Even therapies that use only one drug attack a variety of bacteria with these plasmids, so this opens up the possibility of enhancing gene resistance to multiple drugs.

trigger the alarm

In a speech at the ASM conference, Logue and her team said they found genes that are resistant to carbapenems and antibiotics similar to penicillin. Brazil is the world's largest poultry exporter. They analyzed swab samples from 107 farm-bred chickens in Brazil, and about 60% of them contained E. coli strains carrying mcr-1.

On two randomly selected Portuguese farms, mcr-1 was more prevalent: 98% of the 100 healthy pig samples contained drug resistance genes, Laurent Poirel said. He is an antibiotic resistance researcher at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland and attended the ASM conference this time. He and his colleagues also found mcr-1 in three different plasmids and a variety of bacterial strains, suggesting that domestic pigs do not necessarily transmit drug resistance genes to each other, but may also be obtained from other sources. "We don't know how it came," Laurent said.

Logue and Tian Guobao also found mcr-1 in a number of different plasmid and bacterial strains. This gene seems to be particularly good at transferring to different organisms, Logue explains, which gives it a very high survival rate and makes it extremely difficult to deal with. If someone eats meat that is not cooked, or is exposed to an animal carrying a bacteria containing mcr-1 at work, it is theoretically possible for his gut microbe to acquire this resistance gene.

Price is extremely shocked by the general sensibility of mcr-1 found in these countries. In 2016, Brazil banned the use of colistin in agricultural production. In 2017, China also issued a ban. But Price is not sure to what extent this will slow the spread of these genes. He hopes that the case of mcr-1 will serve as a warning against the abuse of antibiotics on farm animals.

Source: Nature Natural Science Research

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