The first universal cold vaccine will be available
December 23, 2016 Source: Medical Network
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Winter is always linked to many diseases, and the most influential one is probably a cold. Don't underestimate this seemingly common disease: if you don't get timely treatment, a cold may bring complications including pneumonia and heart disease; in patients with heart failure, diabetes or asthma, the condition may also be during a cold. Aggravated.
To make matters worse, we have not had an effective prevention method so far. Because the cold virus is very diverse, a vaccine often only works for a part of the virus, but it is useless for others. This is why there is still a risk of catching a cold every year after receiving the vaccine.
However, this situation is expected to be reversed in the near future. Under the efforts of several scientists, a versatile cold vaccine may soon be available.
a class of envious enemies
Scientists have found that most of the colds are caused by rhinoviruses. Although the rhinovirus has been discovered more than 50 years ago, the vaccine against it has been difficult to produce - the previous paper on rhinovirus vaccine dates back to 1975. Since then, although the progress of other disease fields has been changing with each passing day, the development of rhinovirus vaccines has been in a blank.
This is because rhinovirus is a kind of enemies of cockroaches: its mutation is very fast, and it will evolve a variety of different subtypes in a short time. Although the vaccine for a certain subtype is effective, it cannot be fully described.
This has made many virologists feel like a fire, and Professor Martin Moore of Emory University is one of them. As an expert in respiratory diseases and a researcher on childhood diseases , Martin is well aware of the potential dangers of a cold. However, when his own child caught a cold, the doctor always told him to "go home to rest and recuperate, and wait for a cold to get better." Martin was extremely dissatisfied with his own helplessness.
Without a vaccine, why not make a vaccine? In 2013, Martin visited a number of authorities in the field of rhinoviruses, asking about this possibility, but did not get the desired result - "Hey, there has never been a vaccine for rhinovirus, this is impossible", the authority and Martin Say.
"Well, let's walk," Martin recalled the situation at the time.
The world's largest child snot
After being denied by the authorities, Martin decided to develop a rhinovirus vaccine on his own. His thinking is very straightforward: since a single vaccine can only target a single virus subtype, why not combine multiple vaccines together? After a search in the literature , he found that scientists at the University of Virginia had tried this strategy as early as the 1970s. At that time, the team from the University of Virginia created a vaccine that could target 10 virus subtypes, but did not achieve the desired results.
"It produces some antibodies, but it's not very good," one researcher recalls. "For vaccines that are not included in the vaccine, this vaccine does not have cross-protection."
But Martin believes that scientific progress in more than 40 years is enough to make this ancient law a new life. Currently, scientists have identified 160 rhinoviruses from the population. In order for the new vaccine to work for more viral subtypes, Martin needs to get these rhinoviruses and combine them into a single vaccine.
To get these viruses, Martin contacted Professor James Gern of the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine. For the past 20 years, James has been collecting and isolating rhinoviruses from his patients. When needed, as long as the virus is injected into human cells, a large amount of experimental materials can be obtained.
“It sounds disgusting, but we may have the largest children's nose in the world,†James said.
Thanks to the existence of this virus database, Martin can get the virus he wants faster. More critically, he can accurately obtain the viral subtypes he needs. "This is much better than before!" Martin said.
With the help of James, Martin and his colleagues developed a new vaccine that increased the number of rhinovirus subtypes from the initial 10 to 50. When they injected the vaccine into the macaques, they detected a strong antibody response—in the blood, they found antibodies against up to 49 rhinovirus subtypes, which greatly validated the feasibility of this idea. This heavyweight article was also published in Nature Communications.
New R&D strategy from the outside
In the UK, another research team is experimenting with a new strategy that is completely different from the past.
Unlike Martin's R&D strategy of “winning by quantityâ€, Professor Gary McLean of Imperial College London turned his attention to the inside of the rhinovirus, which takes advantage of the nature of the rhinovirus itself.
After the rhinovirus enters the cell, they open the outer shell, exposing the internal proteins and genes, and the human cells make new viruses based on these molecules. But in the process, the cells will present these molecules to the surface for the coating of new viruses. In other words, during the life cycle of the rhinovirus, its internal proteins are exposed for a moment.
This discovery is significant. Although the shells of different rhinovirus subtypes are strange, the internal proteins are much more structurally conservative due to the specific functions they perform. That is, an internal protein of a rhinovirus subtype that stimulates immune cell responses to other subtypes.
"A vaccine can stop it," Gary said excitedly.
Inspired by this idea, Gary and his colleagues set out to develop new vaccines. They extracted a batch of rhinovirus internal proteins and injected them into mice. The experiment found that the immune system can learn to recognize these proteins and attack the infected cells.
Inspired by these results, the Imperial College team applied for a patent for the shell protein vaccine and decided to move on in this direction. “You need a lot of preclinical data to convince people to invest a lot of money,†Gary said. “And we have got all we can get now.â€
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