The selection of apple trees and the transformation of old orchards are an important part of the construction of the garden. In the past, the fruit growers were arbitrarily selected due to the lack of tree shape and the old orchard was not reconstructed in time, resulting in the closure of the orchard and poor ventilation. Management brings a series of problems. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly select the target tree shape and the appropriate cultivation mode before the establishment of the park and tree transformation.

The advantages and disadvantages of the tree should be carefully chosen

High spindle

Advantages: 1 simple tree shape, fast forming. The high-spindle-shaped tree shaping culture method is simple, and different culture forms can be selected according to different management objects. 2 It has a compact tree, easy flowering, and low nutrient consumption. 3 Reproductive growth ability, high ratio of short branches, strong ability to result, and little nutrient consumption. 4 simple management, save labor. 5 good ventilation and light transmission, high quality fruit.

Disadvantages: 1 The tree has a short life span, which generally enters the aging period after 20 years. 2 If the management is extensive, water and fertilizer can not keep up, it will easily lead to premature aging of the tree. 3 The cost of building a park is higher.

Selection suggestions: 1 If the water and fertilizer conditions of the cultivated land are good, use short dwarf varieties of dwarfing interstocks or dwarfing rootstocks to build gardens. Cultivating the tree is the ideal new cultivation mode and the production performance is ideal. 2 It can achieve high input, fine management, and at the same time can guarantee a higher level of mechanization of the planter to use the tree shape, can achieve early fruiting, high yield, high efficiency.

Slender spindle

Advantages: The tree has a large body, a solid skeleton, a high load capacity, and a life span of more than 20 years. No pillars are required, and the main branch does not need to be hung. The construction cost is lower than that of the tall spindle tree.

Disadvantages: The tree-shaped shaping process is longer than the high-spindle shape, and the early stage yield is not as high as the spindle shape.

Recommendations for selection: In the case of lands with good conditions for water and fertilizers, a slim, spindle-shaped tree structure can be used when it is possible to achieve meticulous management and the need to save construction costs. At present, the tree shape used in apple production is relatively more, and it is an ideal tree shape for dwarf cultivation.

Free Spindle

Advantages: The tree is large in size, has a solid skeleton and has a shelf life of more than 40 years. Once it is formed, the main branch does not need to be updated. Only the result set is updated. Harvesting fruit, pruning and other tree operations can climb to the stout main branch and reduce the use of auxiliary tools.

Disadvantages: larger tree, long plastic surgery period; internal medicine is not easy to spray; backbone branches less, if the small amount of twigs, low yield, easy to take the tree bar; easy to grow students long branch; young tree back branches Many of them need to be managed by twisting tips, toppings, and evacuation. The summer workload is large.

Suggestions for selection: The medium-sized apple varieties such as the Marshal Department and the Jura System should adopt this tree structure. The trees are not prosperous, with good ventilation and light transmission, and stable yield. Poor site conditions, water and fertilizer can not be guaranteed, the growth of apple trees in small areas should use this tree.

Small crown

Advantages: 1 high dry, good ventilation and light in the park. 2 No trunk, increased light in the inner chamber. 3 There are few permanent major branches, single canopies, branches, leaves, and fruits all see light, and the fruit quality is excellent. 4 The apple tree is mainly pruned and dumped. The pruning method is simple and easy to flower, and the apple yield is high. 5 results are long term. The crown of a happy shape has been formed for 20 years. It takes 30 years to fully form, and 30 to 60 years are a stable result period. The crown is a tree of high quality and high yield.

Disadvantages: Small crowns have a long process of tree-shape cultivation. They generally require four shaping processes of trunk shape, changing trunk shape, delayed happy shape, and happy shape. The cultivation period can reach 30 years; small crowns of happy-shape apple trees are full of fruits. The main branch bears many fruits and needs multiple supports. The mechanical use under the canopy is not smooth.

Selection suggestions: This tree shape is an ideal tree shape for apple Qiao cultivation. It is mainly used in the Qiaohua Apple Orchard reformation in the current production. If the early stage is a small crown sparse, free-spindle or modified spindle shape, through the thinning After reducing the planting density, it is easy to change to a small crown. (Li Yayi Su Ruifang)

High Spindle Tree Apple Orchard

Special interview with the reporter: Professor Jiang Yuanmao of the College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University

Recently, Jiang Yuanmao, a professor at the College of Horticulture at Shandong Agricultural University, told reporters that the establishment of a high-spindle apple tree-shaped apple orchard should start from the following aspects.

The selection of high spinning spindle tree pattern in the garden requires good site conditions and high water and fertilizer management measures. Apart from being far away from pollution sources and convenient transportation, the best choice for setting up a park is in deep soil, flat terrain, good fertility conditions, and irrigation. Land plots are more conducive to the development of tree advantages and ensure a high level of input-output ratio.

Variety rootstock selection of mountain orchards, drought and stubble to the main anvilstock short-stemmed seedlings; plains, irrigation areas with dwarfed anvil and self-rootstock seedlings. Reasonably selected with early, middle and late-maturing varieties and pollination varieties, seedlings require well-developed root system, full buds, height 80 cm above, rough (roots) at 0.8 cm or more, marry the interface healed well.

Before planting seedlings before planting, cut the roots, roots, and branches of pests and diseases, release the plastic strips from the joints, and then soak the seedlings in the bucket for a day and a night.

When planting method, even bring the barrel into the orchard, add the slurry of phosphate fertilizer or rooting powder before planting, dig 80 cubic centimeters of pits, dig the soil and 20 kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer, 100 grams of nitrogen fertilizer, stir well, and lack of phosphorus. The soil is best mixed with 100 grams of diammonium phosphate. Mix the soil with fertilizer into the pit to a depth of 20 cm below the ground, then put the seedlings, extend the root system, gently press the water, and immediately water it. After planting on the seedlings, 80 cm from the ground full of buds short and dry, and then cover the tree with a mulch, warming and protecting the conditions, can be sprayed with plant transpiration inhibitors, in order to improve the survival rate of planting. After fixing, pillars should be set up to bind the seedlings to the pillars (the bamboo poles with a diameter of 3 to 4 cm can be used).

Immediately after planting, saplings are planted to ensure soil moisture. After irrigation, laying a wide black mulch film along the line of the tree can play a role in water conservation, improve fertilizer efficiency and promote survival. (Reporter intern reporter Ding Yifeng)

Timely pruning of the old apple orchards “brightly youthful”

Special interview with the reporter: Gao Hua, associate professor of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University

Due to the untimely management of apple orchards, the closure of apple orchards has become a problem faced by many fruit farmers. How to make these old-fashioned apple trees rejuvenate again, according to Gao Hua, an associate professor at the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University and head of the Apple Experimental Demonstration Station in Qingcheng County, Gansu Province, believes that this involves the major problems of apple orchard reconstruction.

"Diverting" can not be eager to achieve the majority of dense planting garden trunk low, low ventilation and light transmission. Therefore, Gao Hua suggested that the pruning of fruit crops should be properly removed and the stem height raised, but it must be implemented step by step year by year. It is best done in 3 to 4 years.

During the process of reform, the permanent main branch of the election should adhere to the principle of light shearing, with long-range pruning as the main method, appropriate sparse elimination, minimum or no use of short cuts or retractions, and attention should be paid to selecting strong and strong branches. Extend the head to maintain the extension of the crown extension. In addition, in the process of modification, protection measures must be taken for the cutting edge, especially for large wounds to be timely dressed or protected by drugs. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water in the orchard where thinning and shaping are implemented.

Gao Hua said that for the orchard with a medium management level, in the year of thinning, technical measures such as thinning and fruit thinning, fruit bagging, supplementary pollination, and appropriate harvesting should be strengthened to improve the quality and grade of fruit products.

The planting density is 30 to 40 plants per mu. According to Gao Gaohua, the reconstruction work should start with the reduction of planting density, use thinning as the basic measure, and reduce or reduce the number of fruit trees; with the aim of cultivating a tree with high light efficiency, the tree structure should be reformed and optimized. . After the completion of the transformation, the orchards will have the basic characteristics of empty lines, no connection between the plants, good lighting of the crown, and drooping branches, so as to achieve the effect of effective branching, lightening of leaves and leaves, and fruit quality.

For an orchard or fruit orchard with a fruiting age of 15 years or more, a one-time thinning can be carried out in the form of an intercropping or septum excavation. The partial thinning is required for some orchards, and the final planting density is maintained at 30~. 40 strains/mu is appropriate.

Pruning of orchards after deforestation in a timely manner reduces the total population of trees by about half. Farmers should appropriately reduce the amount of pruning (the amount of branches removed). The amount of pruning in winter should not exceed 20% of the total number of branches of the whole tree. In particular, the light cutting and long-distance release should be the main focus in the year of thinning, and as much as possible should be kept. Avoid excessive impact on production.

In the orchard cultivated by Qiao, the transformation of the tree shape should be gradually adjusted to the sparse layer or small crown of the small crown, finally achieving the planar three-dimensional result. After the second thinning, the orchard can also be used as a crown-shaped tree. (Reporter Yan Suqiang)

Double dwarf apple tree shape should adopt slender spindle

The double dwarf apple tree is a grafted short branch type on a short anvil (interstock or self-rootstock). The active promotion of double-dwarf cultivation in plain irrigation areas is a new direction for the sustainable development of apple in irrigation districts.

The tree-shaped slender spindle-shaped main tree structure is: stem height 50 cm, tree height 2.5 meters, leaving 10 to 18 main branches, the lower main branch slightly longer than the upper main branch, base angle 80 to 90. Directly cultivated small fruiting shoots on the main shoot.

Accelerate the expansion of the crown before the third instalment, we must adhere to the "three more than three" method of pruning, that is, multiple cuts, less light cut; more branches, less sparse branches; more broken, less dumping. Promote long branches, increase branches, expand the canopy, and build good yield skeletons.

Promote flower technology to pull branches, twist branches and take the softening of the main branch. Oversized branches can be controlled by single loop, double loop or inverted skin. Generally circumcision is used as little as possible to strictly prevent decay or premature aging.

There are two main methods used in the shoot culture: the zoom combination method and the dwarf pruning method.

Pay attention to light In order to make the light transmittance about 20%, for the orchard that grows too dense, it is necessary to sparse inward branches, cross branches, overlapping branches and other shade branches.

After the rejuvenation and rejuvenation have entered the full fruit period, two things should be done: First, if there is retraction, new branches will be promoted. Second, a reasonable load to prevent premature aging. Strictly sparsely bloomed and thinned fruit, according to the distance method left fruit, generally large fruit 23 ~ 26.4 cm to leave a fruit is appropriate.

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