South China is about to usher in the winter potato planting period, the level of potato production is not only closely related to national food security, but also related to the farmers' "pocket bag" drums. In this issue, potato planting related technologies will be introduced, hoping to help growers harvest new crops in the coming year.

Potatoes are detoxified

The virus is the main cause of potato "degeneration". Since potatoes are vegetatively propagated crops, viruses infect the plants and accumulate from generation to generation, eventually leading to degenerative degradation and drastically reduced yields. An effective way to solve this problem is to use biotechnology to remove the virus that has invaded the tuber and restore it to its original growth characteristics.

Detoxification technology

At present, the most commonly used is the "tip stem culture" detoxification technology.

Stem tip stripping method Place the disinfected seedling material on the dissecting microscope's support table. Hold the plant in the left hand with tweezers under 40 times the eyepiece. The right hand uses the dissecting needle to plant the small leaves of the plant growth point from the outside to the inside. The leaf primordium was peeled off, and only the growth point with one leaf primordium was finally reserved. The size was about 0.1-0.2 mm. The growth point was “cut” on the culture medium with a dissecting needle, and the sealed bottle was placed in the culture room for cultivation.

Stem tip culture method using MS basic medium, per liter add 6 ~ BA2mg, NAA0.5mg, glycine 2mg, thiamine hydrochloride 0.4mg, 0.5mg pyridoxine hydrochloride, niacin 0.5mg, inositol 100mg, biotin 0.05 Mg. Stem tip culture conditions are temperature of 23°C to 25°C, light intensity of 3000 to 4000 lux, and illumination time of about 16 hours per day. Under normal conditions, after 30 to 40 days of culture, the tip of the shoot shows a significant increase. After about 3 to 4 months, it will grow into plantlets.

The purpose of virus detection virus detection is to identify whether the obtained test tube seedlings completely remove all viruses.

There are two types of virus detection methods. One is a biological method, and the other is a serological method. At present, the application of serological methods is generally "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)." Read the detailed instructions on the kit carefully.

Increase production effect

The same species, after detoxification and isolation and propagation, the plants grew robustly and the yield increased significantly, which was at least 30% to 50% higher than that before detoxification, and even doubled. The more severe the degradation, the more pronounced the effect of increasing production after detoxification.

Reasons for increasing production

The detoxified potato was freed from the interference of the virus on various physiological activities of the plant body, which enabled the plant to thrive, restoring the original growth and development characteristics of the plant and restoring its potential for yield increase. It was determined that the chlorophyll content of virus-free potato plants increased by 33.4% compared with the degraded plants, the photosynthetic productivity increased by 14% to 41.9%, and the plant height increased by more than 50%.

The characteristics of virus-free potato

The virus-free potato only removes the virus that has invaded into the plant, but cannot avoid the reinfection of the virus. In other words, virus-free potatoes are still re-infested with various viruses during reproduction and production. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to prevent or delay the reinfection of the virus during the entire breeding process after detoxification. Otherwise, it will lose the meaning of detoxification. In addition, it is not possible to use the virus-free commercial potato as a seed because the commercial potato has been infected with the virus during the production process. This means that virus-free potatoes have a "validity period" and should be eliminated after the expiration date.

Seed breeding

Mini potato factory production technology

Clipping bud cutting propagation technology

(1) Culture basic seedlings. Basic seedlings means that the test-tube seedlings are transplanted into seedling trays and they are cut to the top and then used for cuttings and axillary buds. The use of basic seedling cutting tips and axillary bud cuttings can greatly increase the utilization rate of test tube seedlings and reduce the cost of cultivation. The method is as follows.

First, use 1% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5% urea solution to wet the vermiculite, so that it can reach the ball by hand grip, can be loose after being put down. Then the seedling plate is loaded and loaded to the depth of 2/3 of the plate to flatten the plate. 7 to 8 cm spacing, 5 cm planting colonization from the plant height.

After the basic seedlings have been planted, the nursery trays are placed on a culture rack covered with peat (about 3 cm thick). If the temperature in the greenhouse is high and the light is strong, proper shading should be applied after transplanting to prevent the test tube seedlings from wilting. The first few days after planting do not require watering. When watering is needed, it should be watered from under the seedling tray. The method of fertilization is to remove the three-component compound fertilizer on the peat soil and mix well before placing the seedling plate. When the plant grows to a certain size, it should pay attention to the seedling base pebbles (equivalent to the field soil).

(2) Clipping and axillary bud cutting. When the basic seedlings grow to 6 to 8 leaves, the top buds are cut with l-piece unfolded leaves and cuts are made. After the top buds were cut off, they lost their apical dominance and the axillary buds grew quickly. After 5 to 6 days, the axillary buds were left with 2 to 3 leaves and the cuttings were cut.

To prevent loss of water, the cut buds should be immersed in water (fill the water with a small plastic bowl). To promote early rooting after cuttings, the top buds can be soaked with 30 ppm rooting powder solution for 3 to 5 minutes. The cutting density is 510 cm.

After the cuttings, as long as the temperature in the greenhouse is not too high, the light is not very strong, and there is no need for shading after cutting. The method of cultivation and watering fertilization after cutting is the same as that of basic seedlings. When the seedlings grow to 3 to 4 cm in height, the first earthing (ie, peony) is performed. After training 3 to 4 times. If the cuttings are in the middle or late stages of growth, the plants may have a higher or leggy phenomenon, and 500 ppm of chlormequat may be sprayed to inhibit plant growth and promote tuber enlargement.

Early maturing cultivars usually grow about 60 to 70 days after cutting, and the leaves of the plants begin to turn yellow, indicating that the plants have begun to mature. Mini potatoes should be graded according to their size after harvest.

Plantlets transplanted directly to produce minitubers

At present, the test tube seedlings are also commonly used in production to be planted directly in seedling trays, or planted on nursery beds of pest control nets to produce virus-free minitubers. This method requires a large number of test-tube seedlings, which is more costly than cutting-tip bud cutting. In addition, the direct transplanting of plantlets in the net room requires strict management conditions, otherwise the survival rate will be greatly reduced. The advantage is that it eliminates the need for cutting and axillary buds. Some people think that this will also reduce the chance of virus transmission. The method of transplanting and management is the same as the method for cultivation and management of the above-mentioned seedlings. The technical points are as follows.

Rapid propagation of test tube seedlings

Virus-free seedling preservation technology

After virus-free test tube seedlings were obtained, expansion was first performed in vitro. After reaching a certain number, a part of it will be expanded in large quantities for the production of mini-tubers, and the other part will continue to be preserved. This part of the test tube seedling retained is the basic seedling. In the next cutting season, take out one part of it and expand it, while the other part is still preserved.

The basic seedlings that are retained should be cut and duplicated at regular intervals. The basic seedlings were cultured at 10°C to 15°C, 16 hours light, and 3000 lux light intensity. Lower culture temperatures can delay plant growth and reduce the number of subsequent cultivars.

Rapid propagation of test tube seedlings

The rapid propagation of test tube seedlings is the first step in the propagation of virus-free potato seedlings. Only sufficient tube seedlings can be produced to ensure that adequate virus-free minitubers are produced. Rapid propagation of test tube seedlings can use solid medium or liquid medium. The rapid propagation of test tube seedlings is as follows:

(1) Preparation Medium The medium consists of a large number of Ms elements, trace elements, iron salts, 20 g/l sucrose (which can be replaced with ordinary white sugar), a pH value of 5.6, and no organic matter or plant hormones.

(2) Stem section section propagation method Stem section section propagation is the preservation of the basic tube seedlings under aseptic conditions. The stem sections are placed on a new medium for cultivation. Each flask is cultured with 10 to 15 segments (30 to 50 cans can be cultured). The culture temperature was 23°C to 25°C, the light intensity was 3000 lux, and the illumination time was 16 hours/day. Liquid culture can be transplanted for 15 to 20 days.

Cutting seedling technology

Use water to make meteorites well (hands in groups but not water), spread them in a cultivation tank, and have a thickness of 3 to 5 cm (depending on the size of the seedlings). Shallow ditch planting. The spacing is 1010 cm or 105 cm. The size of the seedlings is preferably 4-6 cm. The depth of seedlings should be 1 to 2 cm. Big seedlings should be deep and young seedlings should be shallow. Do not go all together. Gently squeeze after planting. Do not press too hard, otherwise it will affect the survival of the seedlings. Use a watering can to spray water properly. Within the first 5 days, ensure that the seedbed has sufficient humidity (95% or more).

Cutting seedling management

After the cutting seedlings survived, the leaves were sprayed with a mixture of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% urea once. Water according to dry and wet conditions. In general, water should be watered immediately when vermiculite becomes loose. The moisture content of vermiculite should be kept in hand and not drip. The first earth-cultivation (meteorite) is carried out when the plant grows to 8 to 10 cm, and the second earthing is carried out at 15 to 20 cm (in this case, the base of the plant can be bent into a boat shape and pressed into the meteorites to increase the number of layers). When the plants are long, or when the plant height reaches 30 cm, they should be chemically controlled by spraying 50 ppm paclobutrazol or 250 ppm chlormequat to control the growth. In the event of continuous rainy days, 500 times of metalaxyl or Kelu, Penchong should be used to prevent late blight. Insecticides are sprayed every 7 to 10 days.

reward

Stop watering for 7 to 10 days before harvest to allow plants to naturally yellow. In case of rainy weather in this period, the plants should be pulled out in time to prevent the occurrence of diseases. After the vermiculite dried, minitubers were harvested. The minitubers are bagged by size after harvest.

Prepare before broadcast

Seed processing

Generally, the healthy seed potatoes harvested in the fall of the year are generally selected. It is recommended to use about 30g to 50g of whole potatoes to prevent viral disease and bacterial diseases from passing through the knife. If the potato block is too large, it should be cut into pieces, generally cut into 30 ~ 50g or so is appropriate, each piece of not less than 2 bud eyes, with top buds as possible.

Seed cutting method. Dicing and planting can save seed potatoes and have the effect of breaking the dormancy and promoting germination and emergence. When cutting, it should be taken from the method of vertical cutting from the top of the potato to the umbilical. If the seed is too large, it should be started from the umbilicus when the cutting is done. The buds should be spirally cut to the top in the order of the buds, and then the top should be cut along the middle of the top bud. Two pieces. When removing the diseased potato, the cutting knife must be strictly disinfected (75% alcohol, 3% lesurin solution) to prevent transmission through the knife.

Seeds of the seedlings are planted with plant ash, and placed in a cool, dry place for at least 1 to 2 days so that the cuts heal.

Seed disinfection. Because the epidermis of the seed potato often bears scab and vermiculite, formalin can be sprayed with seed potato or soaked for 5 minutes before germination. After that, it is covered with a film for 2 hours, and then it is thinly layered and air-dried.

Germination method. Wet sand stratification method: use wet sand or wet sawdust as deposits, first spread sand 3 to 6 cm thick, put seed potato on top, then cover sand, the thickness of sand is not suitable for cover seed potato, accumulation 3 to 4 After the layer, the surface is covered with about 5 cm of sand, watered to a moist condition, and the total thickness is generally not more than 50 cm; the temperature is maintained at 15 to 20°C, the water is kept moist, and after 15 to 20 days, it can germinate; when young Seeds can be sown when germinated to 1 to 2 cm.

Site preparation

Planting plots should be done well in such operations as deep and loose land. The depth of the deep-seated operation is to break the bottom of the plough, which is generally 30-40 cm. Before sowing, implement shallow or shallow spins using tools such as disk harrows, rotary cultivators, or animal power, and the depth is about 8 cm. The planting pattern is recommended to be planted on double rows of large ridges with a ridge spacing of 1.2 meters, a ridge width of 0.8 meters, and ridge rows of 2 rows with a spacing of 25 to 30 centimeters and a row spacing of 40 centimeters.

sowing

As long as climatic conditions allow sowing, sowing early, early harvest, early market opportunities.

Reasonable planting density is one of the main factors that increase potato yield per unit area. According to the characteristics of varieties and cultivation conditions, determine the appropriate seeding rate, generally about 4500 / acre, sowing depth of 15 cm is appropriate. When sowing, most of the basal fertilizers (1000-2000 kg of Mushi agricultural fertilizer, 75-100 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 20 kg of potassium sulfate) are applied at one time. Fertilizers should be applied below or below the seeds, separated from the seeds by more than 5 inches.

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