"Avengers 3: Infinite War" has set a new record in the United States, and on May 11th, mainland China will also usher in a box office climax. The captain of the United States who "has enjoyed" the "freezing body" treatment will come again. Save us.

As the leader of the Avengers League, the US captain has a very important reason, in addition to shields, super soldier serum, leader charm, fighting skills, etc., seniority. He not only made great contributions to the Second World War, but also had outstanding military skills. After being frozen for 70 years, he was a hero who could fight and fight.

It sounds like the frozen body is a simple thing to eat and sleep, but also a little bit of a hero's tragic color. However, the reality is that in the future, you may be the next Hunan captain, Hubei captain, and Guangdong captain (you are seated in the household registration)...

But then again, becoming a captain may not be that easy, and there are a few big mines to remind everyone.

Cryonics is not "life-saving" but "death and resurrection"

In the past few years, there was a famous video. The goldfish was put into liquid nitrogen for 6 seconds, and then the whole body of the goldfish was frosted, but the goldfish in the warm water was miraculously resurrected.

When the researchers tried to throw bananas, tomatoes, cucumbers and grapes into liquid nitrogen, it turned out to be... very fierce.

In 2015, a 40-year-old man, Semez, in the Turkish capital of Ankara, was on the verge of death. He was unable to recover his heartbeat because he used all kinds of methods in the hospital. He boldly used dangerous "ice therapy" to cool him in frozen water. Life, but after two days, the man woke up miraculously.

It seems that the human body is freezing and dawning. Not also.

The current human body cryopreservation is generally ultra-low temperature treatment for patients who cannot be treated by today's medical technology, and it is frozen for decades or even hundreds of years until the future medical technology can cure it. Since cryopreservation is very sensitive to aging, the longer the time after the heart stops, the greater the cell damage.

The staff should begin “first aid” to the patient (to show respect and unify the “patient”) within 2-15 minutes after the doctor announces that the patient has died in the legal sense. The main step is the separation of the human brain, draining all the blood and body fluids from the patient's body and replacing them with antifreeze stored in the freezer. Eventually liquid nitrogen is infiltrated into the sleeping bag used to wrap the patient and the patient is transported to a cryostat for storage.

The biggest difference between the above two cases and what we say about human freezing is that they are experiments with living organisms. Even if the goldfish was placed in liquid nitrogen for 6 seconds, its tissue was not damaged. At most, it was frozen and fainted. It was naturally waking up in the warmth, and the Turkish example clearly did not explain other conditions. And human body freezing is the death of people who die, and the two are not a technical problem.

In 2017, an agency announced the launch of the first "frozen man" of freezing - James Bedford's resurrection plan, so far no news has been sent. For most cryonics, only the freezing and storage steps can be operated. There is no precedent for the "freezing man" resurrection, and it has not yet been put on the agenda.

What is the biggest problem in preserving frozen human bodies?

When someone describes a person, he will say that he has "simple minds and developed limbs." In fact, the commonality of human beings should be "complex in mind and complex in body." Especially in the body freezing technology, it is particularly obvious.

1. The frozen brain is still in the fog and watching the flower stage

The brain is the most important part of the frozen protection site. Because the temperature at the bottom of the freezer is the lowest, the patient who is usually placed in the container is placed upside down with the head down, even if there is a special case that cannot be cooled, the head is protected. The time is also the longest.

In 2016, the 21st Century Medical (21 CM) research team successfully used new freezing techniques in experiments to keep the rabbit brain in a “near perfect” state. The team used a new cryopreservation technique called Stabilized Acetaldehyde to inject chemicals into the vasculature of the rabbit brain, which reduced the overall temperature in the rabbit brain to -135 degrees Celsius.

In this freezing process, scientists found that not only the synapses in the brain were damaged, but also the cell membrane and intracellular structure were intact. But this is still just a carnival of a dead rabbit, and technology is far from being able to migrate to the human brain. The reason everyone knows is that the complexity of the human brain is unimaginable.

Only the structure between the scalp and the skull is much more complicated than we think. The brain is a dense tissue, and the only gap between the skull and the brain is the pore between the connective tissues of the arachnoid membrane. It is full of spinal fluid, and the density of the spinal fluid is similar to that of water, so the brain is almost floating in it. If you want to enter the antifreeze, you must pass the pressure to pump the solvent.

Scalp skull tissue structure

So, the question is, can high-density brains contain excess antifreeze? Some cryonics institutions claim that the frozen person is breathing heartbeat and the brain is "almost no damage." Although the law is believed to have died, "brain activity is still going on."

Regardless of whether this statement is reliable or not. The reality is that no institution has published the survival rate of brain cells after brain freezing. The conclusion that “nearly no damage” is made at what level is there no standard, is it only for the cortex or just a single brain cell, or is it a subcellular structure? Can you guarantee that the synapse is not damaged? There are still many problems left unanswered.

2. The problem of human crystal state is still difficult to solve

At the beginning of April, when SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket was launched, a batch of supplies was sent to the International Space Station. These include frozen semen from 12 men. Yes, semen, embryos, skin, cornea, and even smaller organs in our body can be frozen and then used again, but frozen humans can't.

Since about 70% of the human body is water, the process of freezing into ice produces crystals, ie ice crystals or crystalline. Crystallization can puncture cells and body tissues, resulting in loss of destruction of the entire organ or function.

In the science fiction works, there are often frozen pictures of the living, and the "three bodies" also rely on this method to "save the future." One of the editors of the science fiction "Three-body", Chongqing female writer Du Hong also chose to become a "patient" of the cryonics organization after his death.

In "Three-body", Liu Cixin is set up to solve the problem of crystallography. When people are in Samsung Yaori (three suns appear at the same time), they can suddenly dehydrate, and once humans take off all the water, they will not It will produce a crystalline state and will not cause damage to organs.

So how do you do instant dehydration in real life? Although researchers have tried to replace all tissues and water in the body with magnetic nanoparticles to achieve body freezing, the technology is far from mature.

The prior art is through the injection of antifreeze, because the different types of cell characteristics of the human body are not the same, so far no uniform antifreeze can be applied to all cells. For example, for gastric mucosal cells, it is more resistant to acid, while other cells are not. However, once the cells are damaged, they are irreversible. Even if they find a way to cure some incurable diseases in the future, they will be damaged. Cells can't be reborn.

In this way, it seems that there is no hope of doing the X team. But Chairman Mao taught well, the future is bright, and the road is tortuous. The problem can be solved after all.

Things may have a new turn

When the flesh can't stay, let the consciousness last forever and it is another kind of rebirth.

1. Unlock the mystery of dehydration from the source of the gene

In January 2016, Japanese scientists discovered the water bears collected in Antarctica in 1983 after three decades of freezing. This organism called "water bear" or "slow-step animal" is active and small (maximum More than 1.5mm), they are extremely strong, able to survive under extreme conditions and slow down or stop their metabolic activities for a long time.

The main reason is that they have an extraordinary ability: when encountering an extremely harsh environment, they will slowly lose water and dry, but when there is a suitable environment, it will wake up again.

When they dry out, the genome breaks. When the water is replenished, the cell membrane is still in some state of penetration, so the water bear body even includes genes of plants, bacteria, fungi and archaea. In short , nearly 17.5% of their genomes are made up of foreign DNA, and in some cases, foreign genes have even replaced some of the genes of the water bears.

The fact that the water bear steals other people's genes is obviously not a one-off event, but it continues to be carried out continuously during the evolution process. Even at the moment you read this article, the water bear insect is stealing other creatures. Gene.

Therefore, genetic research on water bears may solve the problem of instantaneous dehydration, and reconstruct the patient's genome by means of genetic recombination or even gene splicing technology. Of course, this has become a problem in the field of genetic engineering research.

2. Let consciousness become eternal

It is worth mentioning that some people in the body are frozen, and the above mentioned Dr. Du Hong is frozen in the brain. Her head is separated and stored under liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. Most people who separate the brain hope that the future technology will help them find memories and consciousness of the past.

The brain and the senses work together with other body sensations, so even people who are disconnected from the body, such as quadriplegics, still have personal consciousness.

Image courtesy of the movie "Mechanical Men"

Then think about it, if the person's consciousness is saved and enters a state of virtual existence before the end of the dying, the movie is super-tested, and before the actor's death, the wife uses the male lead to make the monkey consciousness The artificial intelligence technology copied to the computer has produced the consciousness of the male protagonist, and eventually the actor has surpassed the physical presence. The male character played by Johnny Depp in the movie is not physical but also ubiquitous.

Image from the movie "The Transcendental Hacker"

Being unable to control the body, like a ghostly state, is an experience that has never been seen for anyone. It may not be a good idea for some people who are committed to the perpetuity of immortality.

to sum up

For human body freezing, although there are still many problems unsolved, with the development of technology, in the future, human body freezing will be as common as cold infusion.

In addition to technical issues, ethical controversy has never stopped. Many people believe that if the body freezing technology is finally proved to be feasible, when the frozen people are resurrected, they will face an extremely strange environment, and even need to rebuild their lives as a stranger. But we have to admit that we are born to face a strange world, we have been adapting to a strange environment throughout our lives.

After all, the US team is not afraid, the domestic team still have to say?

Author | Lei Yu

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