Cow breeding characteristics. The puberty of the cow is 0.5-1 years old, the sexual maturity is 0.7-1.2 years old, the initial match age is 1.5-2 years old, and the useful life is 7-8 years. The estrous cycle of cows averaged 21 days, ranged from 18 to 24 days. The average duration of estrus was 18 hours, and the change range was 6-36 hours. The ovulation time of cows was 10-12 hours after the end of estrus. Artificial insemination of cattle. Artificial insemination of cattle can now be divided into normal temperature artificial insemination and frozen semen artificial insemination. The artificial insemination procedures of cattle are mainly: 1. Estrus identification: including external observation and rectal examination. (1) External observation method. Early estrus: The cows are uneasy, leaving the herd to run around, sniffing the genitals of other cattle, and attempting to climb. Some of the genital area was swollen and shiny. The cervix was inserted and the cervix was opened slightly. The vaginal mucosa was reddish, and sometimes there was a small amount of mucus. Climb and stand still, insert a vaginal retractor, with thicker mucus outflow. In the middle of estrus: Cows are very sexually active, crawling across other cows, and accepting other cattle to climb across, sticking mucus at the base of the tail, leaving the mucus to clear, and flushing the vagina. This period is the most prosperous period of heat. In the end of estrus: The climb was accepted, but the spirit was stable and the mucus decreased. The entire estrus period (early, middle, and end) lasts 13-17 hours. Late estrus: Gradually turns into calm, although sometimes crawling across other cows, it does not accept climbs. (2) Rectal examination. This method is mainly based on the ovarian follicle size, texture soft and hard, with or without elasticity to determine the degree of heat. Because cows have short estrus periods and hatching changes quickly, it is difficult for inexperienced people to grasp. 2, insemination. (1) Insemination time: The normal ovulation of the cow is 10-12 hours after the end of estrus. The insemination period is scheduled to be highest in the 6-18 hours before ovulation. Most of the production practices are estrus in the morning, insemination in the afternoon, or estrus in the afternoon and insemination the next morning. (2) Part and frequency of insemination: Insemination in the cervix, uterus, and uterine horns of the cow does not have much difference in conception rate. In the condition of good semen quality and accurate estrus identification, insemination can be performed once. In order to be reliable, the two inseminations are better and the two inseminations are separated by 8-12 hours. (3) Insemination: The amount of insemination is generally 1 ml. An insemination dose of frozen semen contains 15-30 million spermatozoa with linear motion. (4) Insemination method: The current advanced method for cattle insemination is rectal grasp of uterine insemination. In other words, the inseminator wears latex gloves in one hand, extends into the cow's rectum to pull out the accumulated feces, and the other holds the infertility device and inserts it from the vulva. The patient first inclines upwards, avoids the urethral opening, and then inserts it into the cervix. To insert the front end of the vas deferens near the inner mouth of the neck, slowly return the vas deferens and inject the semen. The entire insemination process should be light and steady, and should be light, deep, slow, and slow. Pregnancy check. The methods of pregnancy examination include external observation, vaginal examination, and intestinal examination. (1) External observation: Observe before and after the arrival of the post-matching cow, if not, you may already have a child. Three months after the cow’s pregnancy, her temperament became quiet, her appetite increased, and her body condition improved. After 5-6 months of pregnancy, the abdominal circumference of the cow increased and the right lower abdomen was more obvious. (2) vaginal examination: mainly by observing the color of the vaginal mucosa, mucus status, the status of the cervix to determine whether the pregnancy. (3) Rectal examination: It is the most accurate and most commonly used method of pregnancy examination. The shape and texture of the cow's genitalia are touched through the rectum to determine if it is a pregnancy. Check quickly and accurately. Do not delay for too long. Childbirth and midwifery 1, childbirth. The gestation period of a cow is generally about 285 days. Pre-production cows showed uneasiness, swaying hindquarters, increased frequency of defecation, decreased appetite, or stopped. From the complete opening of the cervix to the fetus output, the cows are excited. Most of the cows are lying down when they are discharged from the fetus. When the cows are blamed, the limbs are straightened. After repeated reprimands, the fetal sac was exposed from the vulva, ruptured outside the vulva or vulva to expel yellow-brown allantoic fluid, and then drained thick, pale white amniotic fluid. After rupture of the amniotic membrane, the fetal forelimbs and lips begin to emerge (the hindlimb is the hindlimb) and the fetal head gradually exposes the vulva. After the cow rests slightly, the cow continues to expel the fetus. The period of cattle fetal clothing discharge is relatively long, usually 4-6 hours, up to no more than 12 hours. If the tire-tyre garment is not discharged after the above time, it can be considered that the tire-resistance does not fall and measures must be taken in time. 2, midwifery. During childbirth, when the fetal forelimb and head exposed the vulva, the amniotic membrane is still not broken, the amniotic membrane can be torn and the mucus in the oral cavity and nasal cavity of the fetus can be wiped clean so that the fetus can breathe. If the cows can't help, you can use your hands or rope to tie the fetus's two forearm palms, while holding the fetus's jaw in your hand, slowly pull out the fetus in the direction of the pelvic birth canal. The inverted fetus should be pulled out immediately after the two hind limbs are extended.
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