Question and Answer on Chicken (9)
Flavour Enhancer,Food Protein,Seasoner Enhancer Vitajoy Biotech Co., Ltd. , http://www.suaminoacids.com
November 08 15:02:58, 2018
What are the conditions for chicken hatching? A: The development of chicken embryos mainly depends on external conditions, ie temperature, humidity, ventilation, and transfer of eggs. (A) temperature: temperature is the most important condition for hatching, to ensure the proper temperature for embryonic development, in order to obtain high hatchability and quality chicks. 1, the optimum temperature range of embryonic development and incubation temperature: chicken embryo development has a certain degree of adaptability to the ambient temperature, the temperature in the 35-40.5 °C range, there are some eggs to hatch. However, if you use an electric incubator to hatch, the above temperature is not the optimum temperature for embryonic development. Under the premise that the ambient temperature is controlled (such as 24-26°C), the optimum incubation temperature for the incubator is 37.8°C and 37-37.5°C for the hatching period. 2. Effects of high and low temperatures on embryonic development: (1) Rapid embryonic development at a high temperature, shortened incubation period, increased embryonic mortality, and decreased chick quality. The level of mortality varies with the age of the embryo, the magnitude of temperature increase, and the duration of the disease. The incubation temperature exceeds 42°C and the embryos die for 2-3 hours. The eggs hatched for 5 days were all dead within 2 hours when the incubation temperature reached 47°C. After hatching for 16 days, hatching rate decreased slightly after 24 hours at 40.6°C; hatching rate dropped severely after 9 hours at 43°C; all embryos were aged at 46.1°C for 3 hours or 48.9°C for 1 hour. death. (2) Slow embryo growth at low temperature, prolonged incubation, and increased mortality. When the incubation temperature was 35.6°C, most of the embryos died inside the shell. Smaller deviations from the optimal temperature limits, the inhibition of embryonic development after hatching for 10 days is less, because at this time embryonic eggs can play a proper role in regulating temperature. 3, variable temperature and constant temperature incubation system: At present, there are two kinds of claims about temperature for chicken hatching in China: variable temperature incubation and constant temperature incubation. Both hatchery and temperature systems have a high hatching rate. (1) Variable temperature incubation: It is advisable to give different incubation temperatures according to different incubators, different ambient temperatures (mainly ambient temperature) and different embryonic ages of chickens. The table of the temperature is as follows: °C) As can be seen from the above table, the chicken's entire incubation period gradually decreased in four stages. Variable temperature hatching operation points: When incubating the first batch, first refer to the Schwenn schedule in the table to determine the temperature, and then adjust the incubation temperature according to the fetal temperature technique (about 20 embryos are sampled every 3 days to check the embryonic development. Adjust the incubation temperature). After 1-2 batches of incubation, determine the incubation temperature for this model. (2) Incubation at constant temperature: The incubation temperature of the 21-day incubation period of the chicken is divided into: 1-19 days, 37.8°C, 19-21 days, 37-37.5°C (or the incubation temperature recommended by the incubator manufacturer). In general, the two phases are incubated at constant temperature, and the temperature of the incubation chamber must be maintained at 22-26°C. Below this temperature, heat should be supplied by heating, hot air or stove, etc. If the room temperature is increased unconditionally, the incubation temperature should be increased by 0.5-0.7°C; above this temperature, open the window or mechanical exhaust or cool air, if cooling The effect is not ideal. It is necessary to consider appropriately lowering the incubation temperature (down 0.2-0.6°C). Cheung see the following table: Table: Chicken hatching conditions Note: 1, constant temperature incubation requires room temperature to 22-26 °C is appropriate, if there is difficulty, according to the table set temperature. 2. In the early stage of incubation, the goal of full closure of the air inlet and outlet is to allow the temperature in the incubator to rise to the optimum incubation temperature as soon as possible. (2) Relative humidity 1. Relative humidity range of embryo development and optimum humidity for hatching: It is necessary to prevent simultaneous high temperature and high humidity. The proper humidity makes the hatching heat well in the early stage of incubation, and it is beneficial to the heat dissipation of the embryo in the later stage of hatching. Appropriate humidity also facilitates hatching. When the hatching occurs, the humidity and the carbon dioxide in the air cause the calcium carbonate in the shell to be converted into calcium bicarbonate and the shell becomes brittle. Therefore, it is important to increase the humidity before the chick is husked. The adaptation of chicken embryonic development to the relative humidity of the environment is wider than the temperature, generally 40-70%. The optimum humidity of the incubator is: 50-60% of the incubator and 65-75% of the hatcher. The relative humidity in the hatchery and hatching room is 75%. 2, the impact of high humidity, low humidity on the development of the embryo: the humidity is too low so that the water inside the egg evaporates too much, it is easy to cause adhesion of the embryo and shell membrane and cause dehydration of young birds. If the humidity is too high, the normal evaporation of moisture in the eggs will be affected, the chicks will have large belly, and the umbilical cord will heal poorly. The normal metabolism of the embryo during embryonic development with high and low humidity has an adverse effect on the hatching rate and the health of young birds. 3, no water hatching: Tests have shown that: as long as the incubation temperature of the incubator is in line with the natural law of chick embryo development, normal hatching effect can be obtained without adding water in the incubator. Without adding water to hatch, it is necessary to take measures to slightly reduce the incubation temperature, prevent “temperature overheatingâ€, and increase the ventilation volume earlier. Not adding water to incubate can save energy, eliminate humidification equipment, and extend the life of the incubator. (3) Ventilation and ventilation: 1. Gas exchange between ventilation and embryos: In addition to the first few days of development, embryos must continuously exchange gas with the outside world, and they will be strengthened as the embryonic age increases, especially after 19 days of incubation. Later, the embryo began to breathe with the lungs, and it consumed more oxygen. Therefore, ventilation must be strengthened. 2. The effect of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the incubator on the hatching rate: The highest hatch rate was observed when the oxygen content was 21%, and the hatching rate decreased by 5% for each 1% decrease. Oxygen content is too high, hatching rate will also be reduced, in the range of 30-50%, for every 1% increase, hatching rate decreased by about 1%. However, the oxygen content in the atmosphere is generally 21%. During the incubation process, the embryo consumes oxygen and emits carbon dioxide. It does not produce oxygen excess problems, but it is prone to oxygen deficiency. Fresh air contains 21% oxygen and 0.03-0.04% carbon dioxide, which is suitable for hatching. General requirements for oxygen content of not less than 20%, carbon dioxide content of 0.4-0.5%, can not exceed 1%. The hatching rate decreases when the carbon dioxide exceeds 0.5%, and the hatching rate decreases greatly when the carbon dioxide exceeds 1.5-2.0%. As long as the incubator's ventilation system is designed properly, the operation is normal, and the air in the incubator is fresh, the general carbon dioxide will not be too high. Care should be taken not to over-ventilate. 3. The relationship between ventilation and temperature and humidity: there is a close relationship between ventilation, temperature, and humidity. Good ventilation, low temperature, and low humidity; poor ventilation, unsmooth air, and high humidity; excessive ventilation, the temperature and humidity are difficult to guarantee. 4. The relationship between ventilation and heat dissipation of embryos: During the incubation process, the embryos continuously exchange heat with the outside world. Embryo heat dissipation increases with increasing proportion of embryonic age, especially in the late post-hatching period, embryo metabolism is more vigorous, more heat production, if the heat does not spread out, the temperature is too high, will seriously impede the normal development of the embryo, even burned Therefore, the ventilation of the incubator can not only provide the oxygen needed for embryonic development, discharge carbon dioxide, but also make the temperature in the incubator even and disperse the waste heat. In addition, the ventilation of the incubator room is also not negligible except to keep the incubator. With a proper distance from the ceiling, it should also be equipped with exhaust equipment to ensure that the indoor air is fresh.(4) The main purpose of transferring eggs to eggs is to change the orientation of the embryos, prevent adhesions, and promote the movement of the amniotic membrane. Egg time: Generally, eggs are transferred 6-8 times a day, often in combination with the record temperature and humidity in practice, once per 2 hours, it is also suggested that no less than 10 times a day, 24 times a day., The first to second turnover of eggs The most important, especially in the first week.Test results: During the incubation period (1-18 days), eggs were not transferred, the hatching rate was only 29%, and the eggs were transferred from the first to the seventh day, the hatching rate was 78%; The hatching rate of eggs was 95%, and the egg transfer rate was 92% on the 1st to the 18th day, and the test proved that it was feasible to stop the egg transfer and transfer the plate on the 16th day of hatching, since the embryo temperature regulation was performed after the 12th day of incubation. The ability is very strong, after the 14th day of hatching, the whole body of the embryo has been covered with villi, and no transfer of eggs will not cause the embryo to adhere.Advance in advance to transfer the eggs can save power and reduce the wear of the hatchery, and can also make full use of the incubator. (V) Hygiene in hatchery: The hatchery in the newly built hatchery has good hatching effect in a certain period of time, but after one and a half years, the hatching effect tends to decrease. The main reason is that the hatchery and hatchery equipment are not regularly and seriously. Washing and sterilizing, embryos develop long-term in a polluted environment, resulting in a decrease in hatching rate and quality of chicks.Hence, hatchery hygiene is one of the important conditions for hatching.1.Hygienic requirements of office and staff: response to hatching room and out The separation zone shall be provided in the room, and the external office and supply and marketing departments shall be located outside the isolation zone. Persons transporting hatching eggs and hatching shall not enter the hatchery and shall not enter the hatchery. Hatchers must go through a shower and change clothes before going in. Each person has a locker and is regularly sterilized 2. Disinfection during two batches of hatching intervals: The hatchery can easily become a disease transmission site, and immediately after each batch of hatching Rinse and sterilize equipment and rooms.Note that disinfection is not an alternative to rinsing, and disinfection is only effective after thorough rinsing.(1) Procedures for cleaning and incubating incubators and incubators: Remove hatching trays and humidifying water trays, rinse with water first, and then rinse with benzalkonium chloride. Wipe the inside and outside surface of the incubator (note the cleaning of the machine top), flush the incubator floor with high-pressure water and sterilize the incubator with fumigation. Use formalin 42 ml, potassium permanganate 21 g/m3, temperature 24°C, and humidity. Sealed and fumigated for more than 75% for 1 hour, then open the door and vent for 1 hour to vent formaldehyde vapor.Incubation chamber is sealed and fumigated with formalin 14ml, potassium permanganate 7g for 1 hour, or The amount of both increased by 1 times fumigation for 30 minutes. (2) Cleaning procedure of the hatcher and hatching room: take out the young dish, put the embryonic eggs (wool eggs), weak and young chicks and egg shells into the plastic bag, and send the hatching plate to the washing room for sterilizing. In the liquid or sent to the egg tray washing machine for rinsing and disinfection; remove the waste on the floor, walls, and ceiling of the hatchery, flush the inside and outside surface of the hatcher, and then scrub with a benzalkonium chloride solution, then use formalin 42 per cubic meter. In milliliters, 21 grams of potassium permanganate was used to fumigate the hatchers and hatching trays; the floor, walls and ceiling of the hatchery were sprayed with 0.3% peroxy acetic acid (30 ml/m3). (3) Cleaning and disinfection of the washing room and the chick storage room: The washing room is the largest source of contamination, and special attention should be paid to cleaning and disinfection. The waste was packed in plastic bags; the floors, walls and ceilings were scoured; the washing chamber was fumigated with 42 ml of formalin and 21 g of potassium permanganate per cubic meter for 30 minutes. The chick storage room is rinsed and then sprayed with peracetic acid or disinfected with formaldehyde. 3, regular microbiological examination: to regularly on the young, dead chicks and other microbiological examinations, in order to guide the breeding farm anti-epidemic work. After each batch of hatching is completed, microbiological examinations are carried out from fluff, worms, dead chicks and stillbirth chicks to determine the presence and types of pathogenic microorganisms. After rinsing and disinfecting, microbiological examination of air and its attachments should also be taken to understand the effects of rinsing and disinfection. 4. Dispose of the waste properly: The collected waste can be passed through the chambers in a sealed container, and transported in an “irreversible†manner according to the “egg-chicken†process, and then transported in a timely manner via the “waste outlet†of the washing room. Bring it away from the hatchery; garbage dump. There is no garbage dump near the hatchery. The hatching waste contains about 22-32% of protein, 17-24% of calcium, and 10-18% of fat. It must be sterilized by high temperature to make feed. It is best not to make chicken feed to prevent the disinfection from incompletely leading to the spread of the disease.