First, pest control

The major pests that are harmful to fruit bodies of food and drug use are hoppers, nematodes, and mushrooms. Collembola and nematodes are mainly harmful to the young mushroom buds; mushroom borers mainly damage the mature mushroom body. These pests are extremely harmful to the production of food and medicinal bacteria and must be carefully controlled.

(i) Collembola is also known as larvae, collembola. The major fruit and vegetable pests are Pygmycta mushroom and Blackhorn collembola. Mushroom hopper, near-white ball, translucent, larvae white, similar in shape and size, dormant after the skin, the color gradually turns dark, silver gray, gray and black when the cluster, like soot, adult shape like a fleas, body length 1.2-1.5 Millimeters, short-sharp tentacles, no wings, 8 pairs of feet, often crawling on the surface of culture materials and fruiting bodies, with a bouncing device on the tail, usually in a bounce-like manner, jumping heights up to several 10 cm, body oils, Not afraid of water, when the water is poured into the ground, a layer of water can be floated. Like bran, with the flow of water, in a suitable environment, the propagation speed is fast, and 6-7 generations can occur each year, and occur in large quantities at 20-28°C. Often clustered in the fungal pores at the roots and leaves of the fruiting body. Especially during the young mushroom period, the primordia will be covered by the worm body, causing the mushroom body to chlorosis, and the infected bacteria to rot and stop growing. Collembola is an indicative pest that is extremely humid in the cultivation environment and has poor hygienic conditions. Prevention methods are as follows:

1. Cultivation sites must choose sanitary, ventilated, well-watered areas to avoid low-lying toilets and garbage dumps to reduce pollution opportunities.

2. Before the emergence of fruiting bodies, spray 0.1% of low-toxic phoxim in the surrounding environment for 1-2 times for prevention. If found, the same method can be used to control.

(2) There are many nematode nematodes, such as blood nematodes, mushroom borers, and nodids. Hematona elegans, worm body length 3-4 cm, very slender, like the blood line head, into a cluster of 1-2 cm deep in the soil surrounding the mushroom buds, harm young buds, so that the mushroom body growth to stop chlorosis or rot.

(3) Mushrooms are the main pests that harm mature mushrooms. With a long body length, many drilled into the inside of the mushroom body, so that the quality of the mushroom body is seriously reduced and the value of the product is lost. Mushrooms occur, spider webs or wormholes can be found between the roots and leaves of the mushrooms. Control measures:

1. Partial spraying of 0.3-0.5% trichlorfon water, the speed of the surrounding area killing.

2. Comprehensive prevention and control, clean the surrounding environment. Keep clean water. Find pests and diseases in a timely manner to prevent transmission.

Second, bactericide

Common bactericides are as follows:

(a) Formaldehyde, also known as formalin. It is a colorless, transparent liquid and has a strong irritating odor. Standard formalin contains 37-41% formaldehyde, and its specific gravity is 1.081-1.086 at 20°C. It has a strong acidic reaction and can be mixed with water or alcohol in various proportions. Has a strong bactericidal effect. 0.1%-0.25% formaldehyde solution can kill bacteria, spores and viruses within 6-12 hours. Its bactericidal mechanism is coagulation protein, reducing amino acid, is a broad-spectrum fungicide. Stable, resistant to storage and less affected by organic matter. It is commonly used for fumigation of air or disinfection of the environment when inoculated. Also used for surface sterilization of objects. In addition, a 1:9 dilution of water can be used as a fixative and preservative for the preparation of food and drug bacteria. If a white precipitate appears after the agent is stored, add a few drops of sulfuric acid to dissolve it. It is very irritating to human skin and eyes and should be guarded when used. Can spray 25% ammonia, the amount of formaldehyde 3/4, 10-30 minutes after the elimination of formaldehyde residual odor.

(b) Potassium permanganate is commonly known as gray manganese oxide. Molecular formula: KMnO4. Dark purple lens, metallic luster, stable, resistant to storage. It is easily soluble in water and has a reddish purple solution. Its aqueous solution is unstable under acid and alkali conditions, and is easily decomposed by alcohols, ferrous salts, and sulfonates. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing fungicide that releases oxygen at 240°C.

In the production of Grifola frondosa, 0.1%-0.2% solution is commonly used to sterilize bed frames, utensils, appliances and skin surfaces. Because it is a strong oxidant, its aqueous solution is very unstable under the conditions of acid and alkali. The solution of 0.01-0.1% concentration for 10-30 minutes can kill microorganisms. 5% solution for 24 hours can kill bacterial spores. The bactericidal mechanism is to oxidize proteins and amino acids and inactivate enzymes, resulting in the death of bacteria and spores. Increased temperature can enhance the bactericidal effect, organic matter can reduce the bactericidal effect, and iodide and reducing agent can antagonize it. This product is mixed with formalin for fumigation and can generate formaldehyde gas. This product is corrosive. Do not use wet hands to take medicine.

(iii) Alcoholic name ethanol. Colorless, transparent liquid, volatile. The use of advantages is faster, stable, non-corrosive, basically non-toxic; disadvantage is that the effective concentration of high, can not kill bacterial spores, only the bacterial trophozoites, viruses and fungal spores killing effect. A 60-70% solution can kill bacterial trophic bacteria for 5 minutes and 30-60 minutes for bacterial spores. The sterilizing mechanism is dehydration and denaturation of proteins, disturbing the metabolism of microorganisms, inhibiting their rapid reproduction and bacteriolysis. Disinfection uses alcohol to prepare a 70% solution, which has a low concentration for a long time; a high concentration can dehydrate and solidify the protein on the surface of the bacteria to form a protective layer, which in turn impedes its penetration into the depth and reduces the bactericidal effect. The preparation method is to measure 95% alcohol 75 ml and add 20 ml cold water. It is generally used for the appearance of bacteria bottles, inoculation tools and skin disinfection.

(d) Carbendazim, also known as cotton wilt, benzimidazole 44. Broad-spectrum systemic carbamate fungicides. Chemical Name: Methyl N-(benzimidazolyl)-carbamate. Molecular Formula: C9H9O2N3. The pure product is a white crystalline powder and the industrial product is a brown powder. Melting point 306 °C. Low toxicity to humans and livestock. The mouse LD50 (LD50 is the lethal dose, ie the dose required to kill 50% of the test animals) is greater than 5000 mg/kg. The residual period is about 10 days.

Sterilization mechanism: interferes with the mitosis process of bacterial cells. The pathogenic bacteria in Ascomycetes and most of the deuteromycete pathogenic bacteria have control effect, and the effect on cyanobacteria is poor. The main commercial formulations are 25% and 50% wettable powders, and 40% emulsions. Formulating a 0.25% aqueous solution for spraying can prevent diseases caused by Trichoderma, Verticillium, Fusarium, and some Fusarium. In the gray tree peanut material cultivation, a 0.1%-0.2% aqueous solution is used to mix the materials, which has a good effect on the prevention of Trichoderma, Streptomyces and other mold contamination. However, it cannot be mixed with copper preparations. And on the fungus, white fungus, Hericium and other mycelium growth inhibition.

(5) The aerosol mist cartridge product is a gray powder. Using international DCC-NA as the main agent, supplemented by domestic smoke heating agent as the carrier, using the heat of smoke and its pervasive characteristics, the inoculation box, inoculation room, bacterium room, and cultivation room are all sterilized. At room temperature of 18 °C and relative humidity of 75%, it can kill various kinds of bacteria and viruses. This product is flammable. When it is used, it will ignite and produce mist. It contains chlorine taste and is corrosive to metals.

(6) Xinjieer is a cationic cationic surfactant fungicide. With quaternary ammonium salt 5%. The chemical name is dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium. Molecular formula: C22H38NBr. It is a pale yellow colloidal substance with a fragrant and extremely bitter taste. Soluble in water, the solution is clarified, alkaline reaction, and it can produce a lot of foam when shaking. Lightfast, heat-resistant, non-volatile, long-term storage. Antibacterial at high dilutions can be bactericidal at high concentrations. Sterilization mechanism: Adsorption on the surface of bacteria, changing the permeability of the cell wall. It also reduces the surface tension and promotes the emulsification of the oil on the surface of the object. It is non-irritating to human body and non-corrosive to instruments. It is an effective non-toxic bactericide. In production, commonly used 0.25% aqueous solution wipes both hands and utensils, but the period of validity is short and should be used with it.

(vii) Mercury-saturated heavy metal salt fungicide. The chemical name is mercury oxide. Molecular formula: HgCL2. White crystalline powder, soluble in water. Like other heavy metal salts, it is toxic to bacteria and has a strong bactericidal effect.

Sterilization mechanism: Heavy metal ions are positively charged, and they are easily self-adsorptive with the negatively charged bacterial cells, causing them to denature or precipitate. For example, mercury can combine with the -SH group in the bacterial protein, which inactivates certain enzymes with -SH as an essential group, which can seriously affect the growth and reproduction of bacteria. In the production of Grifola frondosa, it is commonly used to sterilize the surface of the separated material. Generally, the material is rubbed or soaked with a 0.1%-0.2% solution.

(h) Iodophor broad-spectrum fungicide. The chemical name is tetra-glycine potassium triiodide. Molecular formula: (CH, NH, COOH) 4KI3. The stock solution contains 16% of available iodine and 8% of phosphoric acid. Formulation: Aqueous solution containing 4%, 10% and 16% of available iodine. Traits: brown liquid, soluble in water. For bacteria, mold, viruses, nematodes have a killing effect. Non-toxic, suitable for use on ash tree flowers. It is less corrosive to metals, has strong bactericidal power in acidic aqueous solutions, and has almost no bactericidal action in alkaline aqueous solutions. Uses: In addition to being used directly for the control of germs, it is mainly used for the space sterilization of inoculation room, inoculation box, culture room, cultivation room and the surface sterilization of various implements and instruments. Concentrations: Hand-washing 20 mg/kg, towel, container 20 mg/kg, appliance 50-80 mg/kg, mechanical equipment 20-200 mg/kg, wall, floor, space 50-320 mg/kg. Dilutions of this product should be used together with the use of iodine will volatilize for a long time.

(9) Chlorothalonil-based organochlorine-protective broad-spectrum fungicides. Chemical name: tetrachloroisophthalic dioxime, 4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-dicyanobenzene. Molecular formula: C8CL4N2 pure white odorless crystals, insoluble in water, soluble in acetone, xylene and other organic solutions. The purity of the industrial product is 98%, pale yellow, and slightly pungent. At room temperature, it is stable in nature, stable to alkali, acid aqueous solution and ultraviolet ray, and has no corrosion. Low toxicity to humans and livestock. Oral LD50 in rats is greater than 10,000 mg/dry gram. Slight irritation to skin and mucous membranes. The process formulation is 75% wettable powder. Dilution of 600-800 times sprayed mushroom bed and mushroom (ear) wood can prevent and control trichoderma and so on. Spray once at the early stage of the disease, and then spray once every 7-10 days. Pay attention to eye and skin protection and avoid mixing with lime sulfur.

(x) Sulfur protective fungicides and acaricides. A yellow solid melted at 115°C into a yellow flowable liquid. It becomes black at 160°C, becomes viscous, insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol and ether. Can be slowly dissolved by water. In addition to mineral oil, it can be mixed with most pesticides. It can be processed into powder. In order to prevent the ball from being charged by static electricity, 10% of inert material is often added; it can also be processed into wettable powder or fine particle colloidal suspension. In the production of Grifola frondosa, it is often used for space fumigation and sterilization in inoculation rooms, douche chambers and mushroom houses. No systemic activity. Sterilization mechanism: After the sulfur powder is burned, SO2 is produced, and it reacts with water to form sulfurous acid (H, SO3). The sulfurous acid adheres to the bacterial cells and can capture oxygen in the cells. The bacterial cells die due to deoxygenation. For this reason, be sure to spray wet the culture room when fumigation.

Third, insecticides

The commonly used insecticides are as follows:

(i) Dichlorvos are quick-acting, low-toxic, organophosphorus insecticides. Also known as DDV. Chemical name: 2-2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate. Molecular formula: C4H7CL2O4P. The pure product is a colorless oily liquid, and the industrial product is a yellow oily liquid. High volatility, volatility at 14 mg/m3 at 2°C. The solubility in water at room temperature is 1%, can dissolve in most organic solvents, is stable to heat, but can be hydrolyzed. At room temperature, saturated dichlorvos solution can be converted into dipotassium hydrogen phosphate and dichloroacetaldehyde. At a rate of about 3% per day, the hydrolysis is faster in alkaline solutions. Corrosive to iron and mild steel. Medium toxicity to humans and animals. Rats were orally given LD5056-80 mg/kg. Common commercial dosage forms are 50% and 80% emulsions. With contact, stomach poisoning and fumigation. It is commonly used for fumigation in mushroom houses or spraying in cultivation rooms. When fumigated, dilute 50 times and use it to hang the mushroom in the turpentine dampness solution. When spraying, dilute 1000-1200 times in the mushroom house to spray, can prevent bacteria, thin mosquitoes, flies, fruit flies, insects and other noctuids.

(ii) Diazine agricultural broad-spectrum organic insecticidal acaricides. Also known as Diannong, Daxianxian and DBD. Chemical name: 0,0-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate. Molecular formula C12H21N2O3PS. Industrial products are pale to dark brown liquids. Boiling point 83-84°C. Solubility in water at 20°C is 40 mg/l. It dissolves in most organic solvents. It decomposes at temperatures above 120°C, is easily oxidized, and is stable in alkaline media. Water and dilute acid can slowly hydrolyze it. Medium toxicity to humans and animals, rats LD50300-850 mg/kg orally. Common dosage forms are 20%-25% powder or 40% emulsion. With contact, stomach poisoning and fumigation. How to use it: After diluting it slightly and mixing it in the material, use 4 kg of the original medicine 0.7 kg for every 1000 kg of the heap, and kill the larvae such as moth, mushroom mosquito and mushroom fly. Or by diluting 40% of the emulsion 1000-1200 times, spray in the cultivation rooms of various mushrooms to control adult mosquitoes such as gall midge, flies, fruit flies, pupa mosquitoes and larvae of Mushroom.

(iii) Malathion high-efficiency and low-toxic organophosphorus pesticides. The popular name is Marathon, 4049. Chemical name: 0,0-Dimethyl-S-(1,2-diethoxyethyl) phosphorodithioate. Industrial crude oil is a yellow-brown oily liquid with garlic odor. Hard to dissolve in water, soluble in a variety of organic solvents, easy to break down in alkaline solution failure. With contact killing effect. The product has 50% emulsion and 50% powder. Not long-term storage, low toxicity to humans and animals. 500-100 times commonly used solution, spray or fumigation to kill moths and other pests.

(d) Deltamethrin contact and stomach poisons. Also known as the enemy killed. A pyrethroid pesticide. Chemical name: α-cyano-phenoxybenzyl (1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dibromoethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate. Molecular formula: C22H17O3NBr2. The product is 2.5% emulsion. Insoluble in water, soluble in many kinds of hunger solvents, stable to light and air. Mice oral LD5019-34 mg/kg. The contact killing effect is rapid, the knockdown ability is strong, and the best effect is on Lepidoptera larvae, and there are also obvious effects on Diptera adults and larvae. In the mushroom house, it can be diluted 3000-4000 times to spray, which can prevent adults of the sharp-spotted maggots, slugs, cockroaches, and fruit flies, as well as larvae of the insect. Because of its low dosage, rapid volatilization, and low residue, it is an ideal insecticide for edible fungi.

(v) Pyrethrin vegetable insecticides. Also known as pyrethrum. The product is a yellow viscous oily liquid, with a scent, hard to volatilize; optically active, insoluble in water, soluble in various organic solvents. Alkaline, sunlight or high temperature can easily break down. For animal safety, rats were given LD50800 mg/kg orally. Process formulations include powders, emulsions, oils, and aerosols. It is a contact-killing agent, with no stomach and systemic absorption. The short residue period is ideal for medicinal and medicinal bacteria. Aerosol smoke in the mushroom room, can control a variety of diptera adults; with 3% EC diluted 500-800 times spray, can prevent mosquitoes, mosquitoes, fruit flies, flies, worms and other pests.

(6) The special pharmaceutical preparations for killing fleas made from various components of scorpion repellents, polyacetal are often used as inducers. The boiling point of 2l °C, volatile, easy to burn, must be kept in the refrigerator, to prevent close to the fire. The formula is: 300 grams of polyacetal, 50 grams of sucrose, 300 grams of 5% calcium citrate. After mixing well, add 400 grams of fried rice bran or bean cake mix; directly sprinkle around the mushroom field, or divert water Into a granular bait, kill 5-10 capsules per square meter. It is best for sunny days and rain will fail.

IV. Raticides

The poisons used for killing rodents are all stomach poisons, such as:

(a) Annute Chemicals is named 1-naphthylthiourea, also known as alpha-naphthylthiourea. Molecular formula: C11H10N2S. White crystals, industrial products are gray or beige powder, almost insoluble in water, stable in sunlight and air. It is toxic to rats and can cause pulmonary edema and death. The toxic dose to Norwegian rats is 6-8 mg/kg. In the production of Grifola frondosa, poison baits are often baited and killed. When using, pay attention to livestock and poultry safety.

(ii) Dalong Chemical Name: 3-(3-p-bromobiphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl)-4hydroxycoumarin. Yellow-white crystalline powder, melting point 228-232C, insoluble in water and petroleum ether, soluble in organic solvents. Acute virulence is very strong, it has selective virulence to rats and is safe to other animals. Formulation: 0.0025%-0.005% bait. Generally used 0.005% bait, once poisoned, has a good effect on a variety of wild mice.

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