Pig-raising in the fermentation bed is the result of technological advancement in the pig industry Review of pig-breeding technology The history of human pig-raising has been more than 2,000 years. Primitive farming methods are mostly based on grazing. The pigs are in close contact with nature and eat natural plants, animals, minerals and water at any time. Pig excreta are degraded and transformed by microorganisms in the natural environment, fertilizing the soil and providing nutrition for the plants. In natural ecosystems, natural selection and survival of the fittest result in a strong natural breeding herd, strong resistance to disease, and low incidence, but it is difficult to meet human needs in terms of quantity and scale. This more primitive farming method has gradually disappeared due to the agricultural productivity and the development of the pig industry.
Changes in agricultural farming patterns have created conditions for the gradual conversion of pig raising from semi-grazing mode to captive mode. With the rise of the feed industry and the further development of aquaculture technology, the pig industry has become a professional, intensive and large-scale road, and the growth potential of pigs has been greatly brought into play. However, the high-density factory-feeding model also brings with it new ecological problems: the addition of high-dose antibiotics, trace elements, and heavy metals not only destroys the ecological balance in animals, but also deteriorates the external culture environment, seriously affecting pigs. With the normal development and health of pigs, the incidence of pigs has greatly increased; the concentrated discharge of feces and sewage has polluted the soil and water sources, causing serious breeding pollution. The rapid economic development model at the cost of plundering resources and sacrificing the environment has caused tremendous damage to the ecosystem on which human life depends...
The establishment of a healthy ecosystem is the need for human survival. The ecosystem is the basis for human survival. Predatory human production activities have destroyed large and small ecological systems and caused a global ecological crisis, seriously threatening human survival and development. development of.
Taking pig farming as an example, the total excretion of a slaughtered pig is about 1.1 tons. The annual excretion of a sow is about 4 tons. About 600 million pigs are slaughtered each year in China, and 45 million sows are kept on the stock. 42% of the total annual excretion of live pigs was 320 million tons, not including more than 1 billion tons of sewage caused by piggery washing and fecal matter and sewage from 360 million long scattered pigs. Furthermore, the addition of high copper, high-arsenic, high-nitrogen, high-phosphorus, high-antibiotics, etc. in feeds has also aggravated soil and water pollution, which in turn threatens the entire ecosystem, including human health. Ecological imbalances have brought tremendous pressure on the country and the aquaculture industry. People have already realized that it is necessary to harmonize economic development with environmental protection and establish a sustainable and healthy ecosystem.
The National Development and Reform Commission recently proposed that microbial manufacturing is a high-tech industry based on the development of modern biotechnology. It is characterized by typical resource conservation and environmental friendliness. It is an important way to solve the problems faced by China, such as resource shortages and environmental pollution, and it has decided to make high Technical industrialization is subject to special projects. In particular, in order to accelerate the development of green agricultural biological products industry, promote recycling economy, promote the adjustment and optimization of agricultural structure, ensure national food security and sustainable agricultural development, and improve the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products, the National Development and Reform Commission decided on the green agricultural biological products industry. For special support.
Under this background, various high-tech technologies that are conducive to the health of the ecosystem came into being. Microbial engineering fermentation beds for raising pigs (hereinafter referred to as “fermentation bed pigs”) is one of them. The technology of pig-raising in the fermentation bed can achieve zero discharge of excreta, improve the breeding environment, reduce the incidence of disease in pigs, increase the welfare of animals, and increase the efficiency, so that the aquaculture industry can be better integrated into the agricultural ecological cycle system and promote the cyclic development of ecological agriculture. Therefore, from the government to the localities, this breeder model has been given a high degree of attention. In a short period of one or two years, the pig-raising technology in the fermented bed has been rapidly promoted throughout the country, and has achieved a series of phased results. The popularization and development of this farming method, especially for aquaculture companies, are full of fervent expectations.
Advantages of the development of pig-breeding technology in the fermentation bed The pig-raising technology in the fermentation bed is a comprehensive technology based on ecological principles, using probiotics resources, and using microbial biotechnology, fermentation technology, aquaculture technology and engineering technology for modern aquaculture.
Pig-raising technology in the fermentation bed is based on pigs, and the harmony, optimization and health of the ecological environment inside and outside the animal body (pig) are pursued. The use of beneficial microbial flora to decompose and transform pig manure to eliminate odors such as ammonia, solve the pollution of pig manure effluent from the source, and create a good breeding ecological environment. At the same time, through the addition of microbial feed additives in the feed, the beneficial bacteria in the intestine of pigs dominate and resist the growth of harmful bacteria; metabolites produced by beneficial bacteria such as antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, probiotics, etc. can improve the immunity and disease resistance of pigs. The utilization of sex and feed; the increase in the number of beneficial bacteria in the pig manure can increase the source and quantity of beneficial bacteria in the fermentation litter, promote timely and rapid decomposition of pig manure, and prolong the service life of the fermentation bed. In addition, the fermentation bed and microbial fermentation produce heat energy that is suitable for the temperature of the winter culture environment.
Any technology has a development process, and pigs in fermentation beds are no exception. Although the fermentation bed technology has made a lot of gratifying progress and is gradually accepted by more aquaculture companies, there are still some problems: there is no unified strain use, breeding technical specifications and evaluation standards, some companies or individuals on microbes and microorganisms The principle and technology of the project are not very familiar, resulting in the actual operation of "the fermenter strains are not the right way, the pig building is not up to standard, the management method is not in place, the dead bed, the phenomenon of quasi-dead bed" and so on. Furthermore, microorganisms are microscopic organisms that are invisible to the eyes or cannot be clearly seen. Many people do not have a sensible understanding of them, and therefore some people still have many doubts about the mechanism and effects of this culture method. Therefore, we would like to use our own practical experience and research results to communicate and discuss with everyone in order to provide a relatively objective and comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the pig-breeding technology so that it can be put on a healthier, more rational and faster Practical roads.
Five principles of common use of microorganisms in pigs in fermentation beds
1. The organisms in nature, from plants to animals, from single-celled microorganisms to multi-celled higher organisms, are composed of cells. Cells are made up of chemical elements on Earth. Through the analysis of the chemical composition of various microbial cells, scientists learned that the chemical composition of microbial cells is almost the same as that of other organisms. It is also caused by the minimal amount of C, H, O, N, P, S, and others, but it is biological. Trace elements necessary for life activities, such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Ni, and other elements, among which C, H, O, and N account for more than 90% of the dry weight of cells. These elements are initially from various inorganic and organic compounds in the external environment, and a small part are provided by molecular gaseous substances. Their role can be summarized as formation of structures (participation in cell composition), provision of energy (energy required for the body to perform various physiological activities), and regulation (active components constituting the enzyme and substance transport system).
2. Characteristics and Applications of Microorganisms According to common microbiology, we know that there are five common characteristics of microbes:
1 Small volume, large specific surface area If the value of human specific surface area is set to 1, the specific surface area of ​​E. coli is as high as 300,000. Such a system with a small volume and a large surface area is the key to distinguishing microorganisms from all large organisms. Large areas of volume must have a large absorption surface of nutrients, the excretion surface of metabolic waste and the exchange of environmental information.
(2) Absorption is high, and the large specific surface area of ​​the transformed microorganisms is very favorable to the exchange of microbial cells with external substances and enhances the metabolism.
For example, E. coli can consume 2,000 times its own weight of sugar per hour under appropriate conditions, while humans need 40 years of time. This shows that microbial metabolism is highly efficient.
3 Prosperous Growth, Rapid Breeding Microorganisms “Born with children” at an alarming rate. For example, under suitable growth conditions, E. coli can grow for 72 generations per day and night, changing from 1 bacterium to 4.71021 (weight about 4722 tons).
4 adaptable, easy to mutate in 32% of saturated salt water, microorganisms, Bacillus can survive in dry conditions for several decades, or even thousands of years, thiobacillus can be grown in 5% to 10% sulfuric acid, off Thiobacillus can grow in a pH 10.7 lye. It can be said that there are microorganisms in living places. The number of microorganisms is large, reproduction is rapid, and direct contact with the outside world enables them to produce a large number of mutated offspring with many types of metabolism. As a whole, all microorganisms that can be used by animals and plants can be utilized, and even a large number of substances that cannot be used by plants and animals can be used. , Including toxic substances, microorganisms can still be used.
5 Widely distributed, species of microorganisms are found everywhere inside and outside the plant, in the soil, in the ocean, in the atmosphere, and in rocks. We now know that there are 1.5 million species of animals, 500,000 species of plants, and 100,000 to 150,000 species of microorganisms are currently discovered. However, according to scientists' estimates, only 5% of the total amount of microorganisms are currently discovered. The total amount may be more than the sum of plants and animals.
People make use of these characteristics of microorganisms to play a role as a "microbial factory," converting unusable substances into useful substances in a short period of time. The fermentation bed culture technique is a typical integrated technique that utilizes the characteristics of microorganisms.
3. The law of conservation of mass reveals the basic law of "immortality" and energy transformation. We know that the energy on Earth has so far basically come from solar energy, and the source of biological energy in nature is mainly from solar energy. The elements on the earth are limited. This limited biochemical element has nurtured past life on Earth, nurtured modern organisms, and nurtured future creatures through the geological cycle of biological elements, biological cycles, and organisms. Microcirculation, with limited elements to meet unlimited biological needs. The cycle of biological elements in the natural world depends mainly on the material circulation promoted by microorganisms.
Basic principle of fermentation bed
1. A well-established and well-maintained fermentation bed is a highly active and prosperous ecosystem.
Plants (feedstuffs, litter), animals (pigs), microbial flora and the external environment constitute the organic unity of the fermentation bed. They continue to carry out substances and energy along a certain metabolic and transformation pathway. The exchange of information completes the functions of producers, consumers, and converters. When the feces is in contact with a fermentation mat containing a large amount of microorganisms, pig manure is used as a nutrient for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, and microorganisms will be metabolically converted into gases (such as carbon dioxide) and liquids (such as water) during various life activities. Etc.; a large amount of non-protein nitrogen such as uric acid, urea, etc. in the feces is transformed into organic nitrogen in the mixed fermentation with the organic material of the padding; this life process solves the problem of discharge of pig manure from the source and creates a good Breeding environment. A well-established and well-maintained fermentation bed maintains a high degree of activity and self-regulation, which is beneficial to the growth and health of pigs, and has a powerful effect on the degradation of feces.
2. The animal's intestine is an efficient bioreactor.
The intestine is the most important microecological site of the animal body, an efficient bioreactor and a subsystem of the fermentation bed ecosystem. Scientific research has confirmed that the number of microorganisms in the intestinal tract is as high as 1014, which is an order of magnitude higher than the number of cells in animals. Microorganisms in healthy animals (more than 95% are anaerobic bacteria, mainly bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria) constitute the normal micro-ecological system in animals.
The intestine is the main site where animals digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients, and is also the largest immune organ in animals. The intestinal flora participates in almost all nutrient metabolism processes. At the same time, beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract can promote the development and maturation of intestinal lymphoid tissues and increase cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Practice has proved that the biggest benefit of using pigs in a fermentation bed is to give pigs a natural defense against harmful bacteria in their ecological environment, improve the animal's immune level, and greatly reduce morbidity and mortality.
3. The micro ecological fermentation bed may make the animal's internal and external ecological environment more stable, harmonious and optimized.
In the pig-raising system of the fermentation bed, the intrinsic microbial flora, microbial feed additives, and microbial flora that grow in the litter of animals constitute the micro-ecological system inside and outside the animal body (pig). The beneficial bacteria and their metabolites, such as organic acids, antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, in the animal body can improve the pig's immunity, disease resistance and feed utilization. These beneficial bacteria are continuously discharged through the feces to the fermentation bed, which keeps the beneficial bacteria in the fermentation bed always in absolute superiority, and maintains the micro-ecological environment of the pig house; the beneficial bacteria, inorganic substances and bacterial protein provided by the fermentation bed to the pigs. Improves the absorption of minerals and trace elements by animals. It can reduce the amount of these ingredients added to the feed. In addition, the microorganisms themselves use the residual elements and trace elements in the excreta, reducing the above substances to soil and water. Pollution. The utilization of pig manure by beneficial microorganisms improves the odor of the surrounding environment and raises the temperature of the pig house.
The micro-ecological fermentation bed pig-rearing technology has taken preventive measures and applied the frontier of livestock and poultry breeding pollution prevention and treatment to the protection and regulation of micro-ecological environment in livestock and poultry animals, increasing the biodiversity in its micro-ecological environment. Its adaptability is conducive to the stability, harmony, health and development of the ecosystem.
Main components of pig manure and its degradation pathway in the fermentation bed
1. Main components of pig manure Urine main components of pig manure are cellulose, hemicellulose, protein and its breakdown products, fats, organic acids and various inorganic salts, and a large number of ammoniated microorganisms. Most of the components of pig urine are water-soluble, mainly including urea, uric acid, hippuric acid and inorganic salts containing phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and other elements. The main components of the urine odor of pig manure are the volatile gas substances released by anaerobic microorganisms from pig manure urine, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, trimethylamine, methyl sulfide and skatole. Organic compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur.
2. The percentage of each component of pig manure
(Extracted from the composition and utilization of pig manure - Anhui Agricultural Sciences 2001.39)
3. Several ways of pig manure biotransformation In the pig bed system of pigs, pig manure can be used by microorganisms in the litter, part of the microbial cells formed; part of the complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O, some small The molecular substances are carried away with the water; some of them are eaten by the pigs in the arches of the pigs; the undegradable part of the pig's excreta remains on the bedding bed. In a healthy fermentation bed work, the stocking density is directly proportional to the amount of excreta and urine. The larger the amount of excreta, the more the bacteria multiply. The higher the temperature in the 30 cm area under the litter, the faster the litter declines.
Preliminary results of the basic research on pig-raising in the fermentation bed From May 2008 to the present, Beijing Friends Friendship Survey Co., Ltd. participated in the project of research and demonstration of ecological pig fermentation mat and application technology for bacteria in the Institute of Animal Husbandry, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. The project studied the performance of micro-ecological fermentation beds in raising pigs during the fattening stage; followed the study of changes in the major indicators of fermentation of bedding microbes, nutrients, and litters in the breeding process; and compared the two different types of fermentation beds and cement floors. Environmental indicators under the pig model; preliminary evaluation studies were conducted on the effects of different special microbial agents and different litters.
Some of the project's findings are as follows:
Production performance:
1. Autumn and winter: The daily gain of the fermentation bed is 117g higher than that of the cement bed (112 pigs, with an average daily weight gain of 817g/day), an increase of 16.71%; the ratio of the feed weight is 2.94, which is 5.5% lower than that of the cement bed (the daily weight gain of the cement bed) 700g, weight ratio 3.11) (see Table 1).
2. Summer: due to high summer temperatures, and cooling measures are still not perfect, the daily growth of the fermentation bed is 50g lower than that of the cement bed (105 pigs, with an average daily weight gain of 700g/day), a decrease of 6.7%; the ratio of feed weight to 4.04 is higher than that of cement. The bed increased by 4.4% (the daily gain of the cement bed was 750g and the feed weight ratio was 3.87) (see Table 2).
In the cool and cold seasons, the effect of pig breeding on the fermentation bed is obvious, showing good production performance. The high-temperature environment of the fermentation bed in summer is not conducive to the growth of finishing pigs, and the greater the body weight, the more significant the impact. Due to the obvious presence of hardened ground area in the design of the farm's fermentation bed where the test was conducted, the heat stress of the pigs was significant in the hot season.
The design of the fermentation bed must take into account the three factors of total feeding density, feeding density on the bed of the fermentation bed and the density of the hardened cement bed surface, so as to lay a good foundation for promoting the advantages of the breeding bed pig breeding mode. From the perspective of the existing test data and the reduction of heat stress in hot season, the hardening bed in the late stage of fattening should reach 0.6?/head, and the proportion of hardened ground should be more than 30%.
Through the architectural design of the pig house, the ventilation cooling measures are improved and strengthened, the summer heatstroke is reduced, the winter is cold and warm, and the fermentation bed pig mode can be fully utilized to avoid weaknesses.
The research topic of the determination of fermentation bed operation law has also determined the main parameters of the fermentation bed during its operation. The main research results are now extracted as follows:
1. The carbon-nitrogen ratio of the litter to the carbon-nitrogen ratio is a key indicator for evaluating the operating conditions of the litter, and can be used to judge the degree of deterioration of the litter bed. A carbon-nitrogen ratio of ≥25 helps to extend the useful life of the litter and is conducive to the propagation of bacteria in the litter and the ability to digest the fecal urine. By observing the measurement results, it can be found that the carbon-nitrogen ratio in the litter changes little with time, mainly due to the continuous replenishment of the litter materials during the litter curing process. Through daily management, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the litter can be maintained and the external environment of the microorganism can be optimized.
2. The change in the total number of viable bacteria increased with the extension of culture time, and the total number of bacteria showed a gradually increasing trend, and gradually stabilized at about 10 billion liters per gram of litter. The change trend of the total number of viable bacteria in different litters and different combinations of fungi was the same, but the total number of viable bacteria was significantly different. The change of the number of bacteria in the litter is closely related to the running time of the litter, the composition of the litter, and the use of the starter. The level of the number of bacteria can be used as a reference index of the activity of the litter bed.
3. The pH value of the litter bed of different litters and fungicides was neutral to alkali in the pH value of the fermented mattress materials; there was a significant difference in the pH of the litter of different combinations, and there was no significant difference in the pH value of the litter mats of different fungi.
4. The temperature of the fermented mattress material at 30cm is closely related to the fermentation bed temperature. The healthy and normal fermentation bed has 30cm below the bed as the main working area and the temperature is between 40°C and 50°C. There are differences in the temperature of different microbial fermentation beds.
5. In the winter fermentation bed room, the air quality and the room temperature were determined by the winter ventilation. The humidity and carbon dioxide concentration in the piggery of the fermentation bed exceeded the standard, and the ammonia gas concentration was lower than the cement floor house within the national standard. The hydrogen sulfide was not detected. In the case of winter heating bedhouse without heating and insulation measures, the indoor temperature can meet the national standard requirements.
The quality of the starter is the key to the success or failure of the fermentation bed. The starter is the core technology of the microbial engineering fermentation bed. As the piggery in the fermentation bed is semi-open, and the environmental conditions vary greatly, it is the key to the successful application of the fermentation bed that the fermentation agent capable of exerting higher efficiency under different environmental conditions.
The fermentation bed is alive and alive, and microorganisms are constantly changing. The purpose of using the starter is to maintain the advantages of the beneficial bacteria in the pig's internal and external environment and to act as a biological barrier.
At present, most of these products at home and abroad are a single strain or a combination of unknown strains. There are "indigenous bacteria" collected from nature, useful strains of fermented biological fertilizers, and even strains without strains. The characteristics and role of the play is not accurate, so that some of the fermentation agent is not complete degradation of pig manure, ammonia smell thick, easy to death; pig susceptible to respiratory diseases; even some litter degradation caused pigs like to eat, causing Gastrointestinal diseases and other issues.
Although fermentation using microorganisms collected in nature may play a role, due to the complex ecological environment of the bacteria, the imitation of this pure natural "mixed bacterial flora" is difficult to control and there is a certain risk of bio-safety; again, due to This collection of microorganisms in the natural world is not the origin of the animal's intestine. It has no advantage in enhancing animal immunity and increasing the growth rate; and the collection and processing of natural bacteria is very cumbersome, and the quality is not easy to control, and it is not easy for industrial production. .
Some of the bacteria that make bio-fertilizers are mainly soil bacteria that can quickly decompose the litter. However, over-fermentation results in the rapid consumption of organic compounds in the fermentation bed and shortened life. In addition, the species of bacteria in the soil is extremely complex. Entering the pig's intestine, it is unclear whether the requirements for the ecological environment of the pig can be met in terms of safety requirements and growth performance. When the number of bacteria with unknown safety is small, it does not constitute a hazard, but once the amount is large, the structure of the dominant flora will change, and the health and safety of pigs will become unknown.
In the ecological environment, there are points of “benefit and harm” in bacteria, and there are differences in the amount of bacteria. We should look for the law from the natural evolution process of the fermentation bed bacteria, find a reasonable fermentation bed ecological fermentation model and fermentation parameters, select the indicators that can be controlled, let the fermentation bed ecosystem transition from the natural state to the optimized state, become harmonious and efficient , a healthy ecosystem.
The problems and countermeasures of raising pigs in fermented beds are like making kimchi. Some kimchi are made very fragrant, some have bad taste, and some are toxic. The same is true of the fermentation beds. Some of the fermentation beds are pigs' paradise, while others become the pig's hell. The key to this is whether it operates according to technical specifications.
There are many reasons for deadbeds caused by deathbeds. The first is whether the functions of the strains are available; the second most common is that the water is too high (more than 80%), which destroys the living environment of the aerobic bacteria that degrades the feces, resulting in the accumulation of feces and nutrient conditions. Changes, carbon-nitrogen ratio is too low, lack of air, bacteria can not reproduce ... In this vicious cycle, the balance of the ecosystem is destroyed, the fermentation bed eventually became a pit. If there is no problem with the bacteria species, if the environment is changed, symptomatic treatment will be carried out and the flora will return to normal after the conditions are changed.
Then there is the management problem. In order to adapt the environment, the fermentation bed must be dredged every day, fed in time, and turned around every week. Turning is not only for the purpose of loosening the litter and increasing the air permeability, but also for the sake of not giving the fungus and other germs the opportunity to reproduce. A specific example is the extreme situation of the density of fermentation beds: in a farm in Yueyang, Hunan Province, 63 pigs were raised in a fermentation zone of 60m2, and from birth to 115kg, pigs were healthy and none of them died. Due to the large size of the pigs in the later period, the excretion was too large. The rice hull was replenished from the field for 2 days to 3 days and then turned once. The pigs were slaughtered more than 20 days earlier than the cement bed pigs of the same period. This fermentation circle is still operating normally today. It can be seen that strengthening management can improve the functional efficiency of the fermentation bed.
The summer high-temperature fermentation bed can bring warmth to the pigs in winter, and the summer heat production has become its biggest disadvantage. To deal with high temperatures and high humidity in the summer, the most important thing is to strengthen ventilation. The heat production of the fermentation bed has little effect on the change of room temperature. Pigs can only rest on the cement platform and use conventional cooling measures. Therefore, it is very important to properly design the ventilation and cement feeding platform during the construction of the pig house. In the hot weather in summer, measures such as appropriate reduction of the breeding density, insulation of dry litter on the surface of the bed, and provision of temporary replacements may be used. In short, in the summer, under the premise of guaranteeing the timely degradation of the feces, it is necessary to control the heat production of the fermenting microflora by controlling the moisture and nutrition.
The disinfectant litter area does not have to be disinfected. The disinfectant sprayed into the fermentation bed when disinfecting the concrete floor and railings is not a big problem, because the reproduction speed of the microorganisms is very fast. After sterilization, the bacteria are br Can reach a new balance.
The Role of Microbial Feed Additives Fermentation of pigs in a fermentation bed is an ecological pig raising, which is the unification of ecological balance in pigs both inside and outside. It is necessary to add microbiological feed additives in feed in order to keep the pigs in the environment where beneficial bacteria predominate. The number of beneficial bacteria in healthy pig manure is an absolute advantage and is an important source of benign bacteria supplements. It can also promote the virtuous cycle of probiotics breeding, maintain ecological stability and health of the external environment of the fermentation bed, and prevent it from governing, which is the intrinsic function of the fermentation bed.
Litter Source Problems Litter material is a necessary and maximum amount of input for fermentation bed aquaculture technology. At present, the most commonly used litter in fermentation beds is sawdust and rice husks. However, in fact, the raw material for the fermentation bed is not limited to these two types. As long as it is organic matter with a high crude fiber content, it can theoretically be used as a litter. The principle of the selected raw materials is: high carbon content, good water absorption, high permeability, close to neutral pH, no toxic substances present, soft, does not stimulate the pig's skin. Each kind of raw material used in the fermentation bed has its own advantages and disadvantages, so there is a problem that the single raw material makes the fermentation bed. By combining two or more kinds of raw materials with a reasonable combination, a mixed litter is prepared, so that different raw materials can complement each other, and each performance index is relatively ideal, which can also reduce the production cost of the fermentation bed.
The main reference indicators for formulating fermentation mattress materials are as follows:
*According to specific materials, climatic conditions, and species of farm.
China is a big country in agriculture. The majority of rural areas produce large amounts of crop straw waste each year, or are burned or abandoned. This not only causes serious environmental pollution, but also is a great waste of resources. The Chinese government has invested a lot of human and material resources. Solve the problem of resource recycling of agricultural waste, but the effect has not been satisfactory. The fermentation bed aquaculture technology can be used as an entry point. The development of straw-type litter instead of sawdust not only solves resource-restricted issues, but also makes full use of agricultural waste resources, maturing litter into organic fertilizers, and realizing resource recycling. Can kill two birds with one stone.
Maintaining the health of the fermentation bed farming ecosystem (including the health of the pigs and the health of the fermentation bed) can also establish forecasting and warning systems. Do more scientific experiments, good at summing up experience, analyzing key points, accumulating data, and establishing mathematical models and expert systems at all levels. Online monitoring of changes in the fermentation bed ecosystem, timely warning of abnormalities in the pig's living environment, starting control measures at any time, eradicating the hazards in the bud, preventing problems, and making the fermentation bed aquaculture ecosystem stable and healthy development.
The fermentation bed technology can well integrate the aquaculture industry into the agricultural ecological cycle, and the coordinated development of the aquaculture industry and plantation cycle will surely complement each other, and be harmonious and healthy.
Conclusion Many of the advantages of the Fermented Bed Pig Raising Act have been widely publicized by numerous commercial promotion agencies, and some have been exaggerated. In fact, any kind of breeding mode, especially in the early stages of development, cannot be perfect and have merits. It will inevitably have some shortcomings. Taking the cement floor intensification mode that has been widely adopted today as an example, while solving the problems of factory culture and raising the production efficiency, the problems brought about by the deterioration of the breeding environment, the frequent occurrence of diseases, and the hidden dangers of livestock products have become a constraint. Insurmountable obstacles to sustainable development. Pig-raising on the fermentation bed should also be viewed in a dialectical manner. It cannot be blindly denied, nor can it be promoted one-sidedly.
The pig-brewing technology in the fermentation bed is a new thing for the pig-breeding industry in China. Many farming pioneers have conducted a large number of useful trials and many vicissitudes, which has led to the formation of a pig-raising fan boom in the country. We have not only seen the seriousness of environmental pollution caused by the intensive cultivation of cement floors, but also saw the urgent need of the aquaculture industry for environmentally friendly ecological farming technologies. What we need to do is not simply affirming or denying this technology. Instead, we need to address the actual needs of the livestock industry and solve the problems in the pig-breeding technology. We should use our strengths to make full use of our strengths and make full use of its advantages. The aquaculture industry can develop healthily and continuously. It will eventually create a clean and healthy breeding system with Chinese characteristics and create a new situation in animal husbandry breeding with high-tech, harmless, energy-saving, manpower-saving and cost-effective.

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