Centrifugal rotors commonly used in laboratories include: angle heads, flat heads, vertical heads, and special and recent developments such as continuous flow heads, panning heads, zone heads, enzyme heads, capillary heads, petroleum testing. The head, the roller head and the biosafety head have increased the number of rotors, improving the centrifugation method and broadening the application field. In addition to the increased variety, the material and structure of the centrifuge rotor have also made great progress. The material of the centrifuge rotor is mainly aluminum alloy and titanium alloy. Aluminum alloy is light in weight, high in strength and low in cost, but has poor corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance. In addition to the advantages of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy can also resist corrosion and high temperature resistance, directly perform high pressure and high temperature sterilization, and work at high temperature.

In order to reduce the load on the motor and increase the capacity of the sample, many manufacturers have improved the material and structure of the rotor, and introduced ultra-light turning heads: Beckman and Hitachi have introduced carbon fiber rotors, which weigh only one-third of the weight of aluminum alloy heads; Sorval series Ultra-light aluminum head weight is reduced by half; IEC developed anti-corrosion and temperature-resistant polypropylene head, which can be bleached and disinfected, or directly high-pressure high-temperature disinfection; Heraeus highconic (45-degree high-speed angle head) head with hollow body Structure, in a small centrifuge, load 6 X 50ml sample, high-speed operation; eppendorf uses a thin aluminum alloy plate, with a mold pressed into a hollow angle head; Hettich uses a thin steel plate around the slot to hang the blue method to make a flat head. In other respects, Heraeus improved the material and structure of the biological head, solved the shortcomings of the high-speed sealing of the biological head, the number of high-pressure high-temperature disinfection is not limited, and passed the CAMR test of the British Applied Microbiology Research Center.

When the centrifuge rotor rotates at high speed, centrifugal stress will be generated inside. When the centrifugal stress exceeds a certain limit, it will cause premature failure of the rotor or even the head. Therefore, the user must pay attention to the correct use and proper storage of the rotor. After the rotor is used, it should be cleaned in time. Do not bump or scratch. If it is accidentally lost, X-ray examination of the rotor should be carried out to confirm that the inside is non-invasive before use. In use, the use of the super-life rotor should be terminated in time. Usually, the manufacturer indicates the number of revolutions and the number of centrifugation. No matter which indicator comes first, the life of the rotor has arrived. About the extension of the life of the centrifuge rotor should strictly follow the manufacturer's instructions, generally in the following circumstances, to reduce the maximum speed of the centrifuge rotor: 1 rotor life has arrived, but the rotor is well preserved, according to the manufacturer's instructions Rapid extension; 2 partial or slight corrosion of the rotor; 3 when the average density of the stainless steel centrifuge tube and the cannula sample exceeds 1.2 g/ml.

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API Products

An active substance is the main active ingredient in a drug. Take a simple aspirin for example. Acetyl salicylic acid is synthesized through chemical process and purified to a specified purity. The synthesis of acetyl salicylic acid is made by adding various excipients, such as fillers, adhesives, disintegrating agents, etc., and then pressing it into tablets. The production of apis is generally either pure chemical synthesis, biological fermentation, or semi-synthesis, with biological fermentation followed by extraction followed by synthesis. Not all pharmaceutical enterprises make API by themselves, and many manufacturers do not have the scale to produce API. Even if there is large-scale production, the cost of production may be much higher than that of procurement. Therefore, most manufacturers buy bulk drugs, and then make preparations, so that the production of drugs can be completed without a very large scale. At present, China and India have become the two largest API producers in the world. Many European and American pharmaceutical companies, even some of their own original drugs, will give up the production of API as the patent expires and the market matures, and turn to purchase apis from China and India,API production generally go through laboratory, generated through laboratory bottle container canister, taking after successful, pilot magnification, which is to enlarge the quantity of the production, then no problem tends to be faced with a lot of small scale experiment, a very simple example, the heating process, due to the relatively small amount in the laboratory, uneven heating cases is less, But if it is scaled up to a few tons of pot, at this time the heating may be not hot in this place, where the paste pot, at this time you need to stir, but the speed of mixing is appropriate, this process needs to calculate or grope. Finally from the pilot test, and then to the formal production, the volume of further amplification, and will face a lot of new problems. Therefore, although some drugs are generic, the research and development of the whole process from small test, pilot test to the final mass production is indispensable, so even generic drugs have very high research and development costs.

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